Sunday, 29 November 2015

Building Electronic Lift



CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION   
An elevator is a type of vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people or goods between floors (levels, decks) of a building, vessel or other structures. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight s like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack. In agriculture and manufacturing, an elevator is any type of conveyor device used to lift materials in a continuous stream into bins or silos. Several types exist, such as the chain and bucket elevator, grain auger screw conveyor using the principle of Archimedes' screw, or the chain and paddles/forks of hay elevators. The elevator was a key invention in the development of skyscrapers. Up to that point, it was considered that no building should be higher than 10 storeys because of the effort of climbing and descending the stairs. The elevator is also a means which reduces time to transfer the things very quickly from one stairs to another. With the population growing the need for housing is increasing with the lack of livable area, housing as increased into multi level units, thus the need for elevators. They provide access for those who are handicapped. Having an apartment on the 12th floor, walking the stairs can be a challenge, making an elevator is a bonus because you don't have to walk up and down the stairs. It allowed the people to travel up and down the building so much easier that it allowed for taller and taller buildings to be made, which allowed more square feet of office space, business space, etc
The elevator system is a vertical transport vehicle that efficiently moves people or goods between floors of a building. They are generally powered by electric motors. The most popular elevator is the rope elevator. In the rope elevator, the car is raised and lowered by transaction with steel rope. Elevators also have electromagnetic brakes that engage, when the car comes to a stop. The electromagnetic actually keeps the brakes in the open position. Instead of closing them with the design, the brakes will automatically clamp shut if the elevator loses power. Elevators also have Automatic braking systems near the top and the bottom of the elevator shaft.
The elevator control system is one of the most important aspects in electronics control system in automotive applications in the world today due to level of the introduction of high rising building in architectural constructions worldwide. In this investigation elevator control system is designed with different control strategies. First the elevator control system is implemented for multi-storey building with five storeys rising. This implementation is based on Fuzzy logic controller for intelligent control of elevator group system. This proposed approach is based on algorithm which is developed to reduce the amount of computation required by focusing only on relevant rules and ignoring those which are irrelevant to the condition for better performance of the group of elevator system. Here only two inputs are considered i.e. the elevator switches and number of stops. Based on these data, fuzzy controller can calculate the Performance Index (PI) of each elevator car, the car which has maximum PI gives the answer to the hall calls (Varun Dubey p.221, 2005).
The elevator control system that is implemented in this project is designed around the 8051 microcontroller unit which performs all the necessary calculations that are required for the operation of the elevator in the building that it is installed. The control also provides a seven segment display system with which the position of the lift is noticed. The project also provides a motor control system that controls the movement of the elevator up and down the building.
In the operation of the system, When a User presses an elevator button; the elevator button sensor sends the elevator button request to the system MCU (microcontroller unit) of the project, identifying the destination floor the user wishes to visit. When any new request comes, this new request is added to the list of floors to visit. If the elevator is stationary, the system determines in which direction the system should move in order to service the next request. The system commands the elevator door to close, when user presses the elevator door closed button. When the door has closed, the system commands the motor to start moving the elevator, either in up and down direction, based on switch pressed. When the elevator moves between floors, the arrival sensor detects that the elevator is approaching a floor and notifies the system to stop the elevator and open the door of the elevator system. The movement of the elevator is controlled by the motor control (Maxda.F p56, 1984).
The project implementation is achieved through the use of the 8051 microcontroller unit which is used to perform all the necessary calculations that is required for the system operation. The project also makes use of a seven segment display unit for the display of the various positions of the lift in the building. Also present, is the motor driver unit which simply controls the movement of the motor in order to lift the elevator up and down the building.

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The trend to the modern types of elevators has pass through series of evolutionary changes. The first reference elevator was invented by Archimedes in 312. From some literacy source, elevators were developed as cable on a hemp rope and powered by hand or by through animals. This type of elevator was installed in the Sinai Monastery of Egypt. In the 17th century, the very small type elevators were placed in the building of England and France. In 1793, Lvan Kuliben created an elevator with the screw lifting mechanism for the winter place of Saint Petersburg. In 1816, an elevator was established in the main building of Sub-moscow village called Arkhamgelskoye. In the middle 1800’s, there was much type of curd elevators that carried freight. Most of them ran hydraulically. The first hydraulic elevators used a plunger below the car to raise or lower the elevator. A pump applied water pressure to a plunger, or steel column, inside a vertical cylinder. In 1852, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab, if the cable broke. In 1857 March 23rd, the first Otis passenger elevator was installed in New York City. The first Electric elevator was built by Werner Von Siemens in 1880. In 1874, J.W. Meaker patented a method which permitted elevator doors to open and close safely. In 1882, when hydraulic power was a well established technology, a company later named the London Hydraulic Power Company was formed. In 1929, Clarence Conrad Crispen, with Inclinator Company of America, created the first residential elevator (Varun Dubey p.221, 2005).
The elevator modeled in this project works with the principles of the electric motor elevators. The movement of the elevator is controlled by the movement of the electric motor that is used in the project. The control of the elevator is achieved by the use of the microcontroller unit that utilizes the principles of artificial intelligence.





1.2       AIM OF RESEARCH
The aim of this project is to design a system that will transport people and goods to different levels in a five story building. Due to technological advancements, in the world, automation of system has dominated most systems in the world utilizing the principles of artificial intelligence to enable systems behave as though they are humans and act with mimic of the human life. The concept of the elevator lift is an invention that enables the movement of people and cargo up and down a given building, enabling the movement to be facilitated with much ease. The need for such achievement is the main goal of this project. The project is aimed at implementing a reliable control system of the elevator in a given building by the use of the 8051 microcontroller unit

1.3       OBJECTIVES
The project is also designed with the following objectives;
v  To design a lift control system by using microcontroller 8051
v  To design the program (software) for the overall system according to the real lift traffic management algorithm
v  To integrate the hardware and software in order to simulate the functions of a basic lift system.
v  To build a lift model to simulate the actual system.
v  To investigate various other existing systems and employ some improvements and modifications that makes the system more reliable.

1.4       MOTIVATION
In the recent times, the rate of construction of high rising buildings, multi-stories and sky scrapers has risen to a great extent. For this reason there is a need to provide a reliable method by which human beings and goods can be moved up and down the high rising structures. The implementation of this project is carried out with the aim of providing such system that can enable the movement of people as well as goods up and down a given structure irrespective of the height and size.
1.5       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The elevator was a key invention in the development of skyscrapers. Up to that point, it was considered that no building should be higher than 10 storeys because of the effort of climbing and descending the stairs. The elevator is also a means which reduces time to transfer the things very quickly from one stairs to another. With the population growing, the need for housing is increasing with the lack of livable area, housing as increased into multi level units, thus the need for elevators. They provide access for those who are handicapped. Having an apartment on the 12th floor, walking the stairs can be a challenge, making an elevator is a bonus because you don't have to walk up and down the stairs. It allowed the people travel up and down the building so much easier that it allowed for taller and taller buildings to be made, which allowed more square feet of office space, business space, etc

1.6       SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH
The five storey’s elevator control system that is implemented in this project is a well reliable system that offers application for a wide range of areas including domestic buildings and industrial buildings. The project focuses its attention on the implementation of lift control for a five storeys structure. It is only actually a model that is used for the demonstration of the real time system. Thus for the proper implementation of the project, it is required that the design should be reproached for a real time application basis. The project is also limited to a number of factors and these includes;
À      It only lays emphasis on the implementation of five storeys building structure and does not include the design for more complex building structures.
À      The project is subject to a very high cost of installation and maintenance.
À      The implementation of the project is quite complex to achieve.
À      The integration of the soft ware and the hard ware is quite difficult to implement and requires an extra knowledge of the designer for its maintenance.
À      The project is also completely dependent on power supplies and can lead to great complications if power supply failure occurs.


                                                               CHAPTER TWO
2.0       LITERATURE REVIEW                                               
2.1       INTRODUCTION
The elevator was a key invention in the development of skyscrapers. Up to that point, it was considered that no building should be higher than 10 storeys because of the effort of climbing and descending the stairs. Many buildings today are completely dependent on the elevators for the movement of things up and down the building. The trend to the mother types of elevators has pass through series of evolutionary changes.

2.2       HISTORY OF ELEVATOR
Elevators began as simple rope or chain hoists. An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern day elevator consists of a cab (also called a "cage" or "car") mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft or more correctly a hoist way. In the past, elevator rive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons. (Wikipedia, 2 August 2005)
During the middle ages, the elevator operated by animal and human power or by water-driven mechanisms. The elevator as we know it today was first developed during the 1800s and relied on steam or hydraulic plungers for lifting capability. In the latter application, the cab was affixed to a hollow plunger that lowered into an underground cylinder. Liquid, most commonly water, was injected into the cylinder to create pressure and make the plunger elevate the cab, which would simply lower by gravity as the water was removed. Valves governing the water flow were manipulated by passengers using ropes running through the cab, a system later enhanced with the
Incorporation of lever controls and pilot valves to regulate cab speed. The granddaddy of today's traction elevators first appeared during the 19th century in the United Kingdom, a lift using a rope running through a pulley and a counterweight tracking along the shaft wall. (Elevator Info, 1992)
In the 1800s, with the advent of electricity, the electric motor was integrated into elevator technology by German inventor Werner von Siemens. With the motor mounted at the bottom of the cab, this design employed a gearing scheme to climb shaft walls fitted with racks. By 1903, this design had evolved into the gearless traction electric elevator, allowing hundred-plus storey buildings to become possible and forever changing the urban landscape. Multi-speed motors replaced the original single-speed models to help with landing-leveling and smoother overall operation. Electromagnet technology replaced manual rope-driven switching and braking. Besides, Push-button controls and various complex signal systems modernized the elevator even further. Safety improvements have been continual, including a notable development by Charles Otis (Charles Otis, 1996).Today, there are intricate governors and switching schemes to carefully control cab speeds in any situation. Buttons have been giving way to keypads. Virtually all commercial elevators operate automatically and the computer age has brought the microchip-based capability to operate vast banks of elevators with precise scheduling, maximized efficiency and extreme safety. Elevators have become a medium of architectural expression as compelling as the buildings, in which they are installed, and new technologies and designs regularly allow the human spirit. (Elevator Info, 1992).


2.3       THE OVERVIEW OF THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLERS FAMILY
The 8048 Microcontrollers were predominant in the early 1960’s and 1970’s and served as the main chip for embedded programs  until in  1980 when INTEL  introduced  the 8051. INTEL made sure that the transmission from the already successful model was as smooth as possible. The extensions on the 8048 to 8051 include code and data memory extended to 64km, with appropriate support in instruction sets and registers (DPTR), and the inclusion of relative conditional and unconditional jumps as well as four registers bank instead of two unlimited stack, multiple and divided instructions and additional second timer, with both extended to 16bits with multiple (including 8-bit auto reload mode) and an UART (a luxury that many lower end Microcontroller’s do not have). The 8051 family has for these numerous advantages, gained grounds over other Microcontrollers (Mazidi, Mazidi, and Rolin 2000).
A microcontroller can be extensively compared to a standalone small computer; it is a very powerful device, which is capable of executing a series of pre-programmed tasks and interacting with other hardware devices. Packed in a tiny integrated circuit (IC) whose size and weight is usually very negligible, it is becoming the perfect controller for Robots or any machine requiring some kind of intelligent automation. Any microcontroller contains a memory to store the program to be executed, and a number of input/output lines that can be used to interact with other devices, like reading the state of a sensor or controlling a motor. Microcontrollers are indispensable tools for the Robotic Hobbyist as well as for the engineer (Wikipedia.com).
The choice of the 8051 series of microcontrollers in the implementation of the elevator lift control in this project is due to their special feature which includes;
            -           64KB on chip program memory
            -           128 bytes on chip data memory (RAM)
            -           4 register banks
            -           128 user defined software flags
            -           8 – bit data bus.
            -           16 – bit address bus.
            -           32 general purpose registers each are 8 bits
            -           16bit timers (usually 2, but many have more or less).
            -           3 internal and 2 external interrupts
            -           Bit and byte addressable RAM area 16 bytes
            -           Four 8-bit ports, (Short models have two 8 – bits ports)
            -           16 – bit program counter and data pointer
            -           I Microsecond instruction cycle with 12 MHz crystal.
-           Built in UART (universal Asynchronous receiver transmitter) is serial communication. (Wikipedia.Com).

2.4       REVIEW OF THE PROJECT
There exists a number of ways in which the implementation of a lift/elevator control can be implemented in a given society. The method used for the implementation of this project was chosen because of the simplicity of the design techniques and the reliability of the technique. In the operation of the system, When User presses an elevator button; the elevator button sensor sends the elevator button request to the system MCU (microcontroller unit) of the project, identifying the destination floor the user wishes to visit. When any new request comes, this new request is added to the list of floors to visit. If the elevator is stationary, the system determines in which direction the system should move in order to service the next request. The system commands the elevator door to close, when user presses the elevator door closed button. When the door has closed, the system commands the motor to start moving the elevator, either in up and down direction, based on switch pressed. When the elevator moves between floors, the arrival sensor detects that the elevator is approaching a floor and notifies the system to stop the elevator and open the door of the elevator system. The movement of the elevator is controlled by the motor control.
The project implementation is achieved through the use of the 8051 microcontroller unit which is used to perform all the necessary calculations that is required for the system operation. The project also makes use of a seven segment display unit for the display of the various positions of the lift in the building. Also present, is the motor driver unit which simply controls the movement of the motor in order to lift the elevator up and down the building.

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