PREVALENCE OF HIV INFECTION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN MARARABA PRIMARY HEALTH CARE CENTER NASARAWA

PREVALENCE OF HIV INFECTION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN MARARABA PRIMARY HEALTH CARE CENTER NASARAWA

ABSTRACT

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of HIV infection among pregnant women in Mararaba  Primary Health Care Center Nasarawa. A total of 120 blood sample was collected from respondent randomly and questionnaire was utilized to capture their demographic data out of 120 blood sample screened 9(7.5%)tested positive of HIV .the highest prevalence of 4(8.3%)was obtain among house wife ,also the highest prevalence 5(9.1%)was obtain in the age group 26-30 year old .those whose stage of pregnancy is in second trimester have a high prevalence of 6(10.9%).This study shows that HIV infection is endemic to this region hence ,effort should be made to control transmission

 CHAPTER ONE

 1.0 INTRODUCTION

The human immunodeficiency virus (ISV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes H1V infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (Weiss RA, 1993).

HIV (human immunodeficiency Virus) is a viral that attacks the immune system. The body’s natural defense system. Without a strong immune system, the body has trouble fighting off disease. both the virus and the infection it causes are called HIV. (Douek DC et al, 2009).

White blood cells are an important part of the immune system. HIV infects and destroys certain white blood cells called CD4+ cells. If too many CD4+ cells are destroyed, the body can no longer defend itself against infection.

The last stage of HIV infection is AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). People with AIDS have a low number of CD4+ cells and get infections or cancers that rarely occur in healthy people. These can be deadly. But having HTV doesn’t mean you have AIDS. Even without treatment, it takes a long time [‘or WIN to progress AIDS – usually 10 to 12 years. (Koup RA, 2009).

When HIV is diagnosed before it becomes A1DS, medicines can slow or stop the damage to the immune system. if AIDS does develop, medicines can often help the immune system return to a healthier state.

AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. (UNAIDS , WHO, December 2007).

Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid. pre-ejaculate , or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ I cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. Cunningha AL et al, 2010). HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ I cells through a number of mechanisms, including apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells, [5] direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections. (Wyatt R, 1998)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from I of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell- mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain infections and cancers. Initial infection may cause nonspecific febrile illness. Risk of subsequent manifestations – related to immunodeficiency – is proportional to the level of CD4+ lymphocytes. HIV can directly damage the brain, gonads. kidneys, and heart. causing cognitive impairment, hypogonadism. renal insufficiency, and cardiomyopathy. Manifestations range from asymptomatic carriage to AIDS, which is defined by serious opportunistic infections or cancers or a CD4 count of <200/ɥL. HIV infection can he diagnosed by antibody, nucleic acid (HIV RNA). or antigen (p24) testing. Screening should be routinely of feel to all adults and adolescents. Treatment Asks to suppress HIV replication by using combinations of 3 or more drugs that inevitable HIV enzymes; treatment can restore immune function in most patients if suppression of replication is sustained. (Sodroski J, 1998).

Retroviruses are enveloped RNA viruses defined by their mechanism of replication via reverse transcription to produce DNA copies that integrate in the host cell genome. Several retroviruses, including human T-lymphotropic virus, cause serious disorders in people Infection with human T-lyrnphotropic virus (HTLV) 1 or 2 can cause T-cell leukemias and lymphomas, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, skin lesions, and immunocomprornise. Some HTLV-infected patients develop infections similar to those that occur in HIV-infected patients. HTLV-1 can also cause myelopathy.

AIDS is defined as HIV infection that leads to any of the disorders in clinical category B or C of HIV infection (see Clinical Categories of HIV infection*) or a CD4+ T lymphocyte (helper cell-see T cells ) count of <200ɥL. The disorders in categories B and C are;

Serious opportunistic infections, Certain cancers, such as Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphorna. to which defective cell- mediated immunity predisposes. and Neurologic dysfunction. (Haase Al, 2003)

1.1       AIMS OF THE STUDY

To determine the prevalence of HIV infection with pregnant women in Maraba Primary Health Care.

1.2       OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To know the prevalence of HIV infection among pregnant women in Maraba Primary Health Care. To determine the result of the highest prevalence of HIV infection with pregnant women in Maraba Primary Health Care.

To suggest possible solutions in controlling and preventing prevalence of HIV infection in Maraba Primary Health Care.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1       HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF INFECTION

AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States. The initial cases were a cluster of infection drug users and gay men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in People with very compromised immune systems. Soon thereafter, additional gay men developed a previously rare skin cancer called Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS). Many more cases of PCP and KS emerged, alerting U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak. (Anderson KS et al, December, 2007).

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