ASSESSMENT OF MACRO INVERTEBRATE SPECIES OF BAKAJEBA RESERVOIR, NIGER STATE

ASSESSMENT OF MACRO INVERTEBRATE SPECIES OF BAKAJEBA RESERVOIR,  NIGER STATE

ABSTRACT

Macro invertebrates are important part of the aquatic food chain, vectors of some diseases as well as indicators of pollution in an aquatic environment. A survey of macro invertebrates species of Bakajeba reserve in Niger State will be done to identify the species present in these water bodies. The scoop net method was used and supplemented by hand picking method to collect macro invertebrate samples. Results that will be obtained will show the various types micro invertebrates that are present  in the sample site. Analysis of variance will be used to show if there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the classes of macro invertebrates that will be sampled at the locations (Bakajeba Reserve).

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Macro invertebrates are those animals that have no backbone and can be seen with the naked eye and can be retained by a 0.02mm mesh net (Davis & Christidis, 1997). Macro invertebrates can be quite large and include organisms such as crayfish, snails, clams, mussels, limpets, beetles, caddisflies, stoneflies, mayflies, hellgrammites, dragonflies, true flies, and some moths. However most are very small. The most diverse group and commonest of freshwater macroinvertebrates are the insects which account for 70% of known species.

The presence and distribution of aquatic macro invertebrates in fresh water habitats, both streams, ponds and lakes is dependent on geographic location, elevation, stream gradient, flow rate and substrate type  (Barbour, Gerritson, Snyder &  Stribling, 1999). Macro invertebrates are an important part of the aquatic food chain. A good number of them are primary consumers feeding mainly on plant material such as leaves and woody material. Others are collectors or filter feeders sieving materials in suspension or on mud surfaces. The secondary consumers, the first level carnivores feed on these macro invertebrates and thus sustaining those higher in the trophic level such as fish, they thus play a crucial role in transfer of energy from primary producers and detritus to fish (Turcotte & Hamper, 1982).

Reservoirs are artificial water bodies whose dynamics and structures present a pattern of organization midway between those of rivers and lakes (Callisto et al., 2005). The ecological processes in these ecosystems are much more complex and variable than those found in natural lakes. Reservoirs are subject to distinguishable influences of the physical, chemical, and biological components of their tributaries (Torloni, 1994), as well as those caused by the principal land uses in the drainage basins.

These reservoir or ponds are a freshwater system and provide ideal habitat for most macro invertebrates. Some macro invertebrates have no history of serving as intermediate host of any disease, others have been associated with the transmission of many trematode diseases of man and livestock (Imafidon, 1991). Among the major diseases of which macro invertebrates such as gastropod snails serve as intermediate hosts are: schistosomiasis, fascioliasis and paragonimiasis. Schistosomiasis is of the greatest public health importance with about 200 million people infected in 76 endemic countries worldwide and about 600 million are at risk of infection (Omudu & Iyough, 2005).

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

In the past two decades, there has been a tremendous fear of a possible global biodiversity crisis arising out of a rapidly accelerating loss of species, populations and natural habitats such as tropical rainforests and wetlands. It has been estimated that more than half the habitable surface of the planet has already been altered by human activity (Hengeveld 1990). Also suggested is that we are on the verge of mass extinctions of species (McCarthy, 2002). These concerns stem from the realization that our knowledge of the diversity and variability of plants, animals, microorganisms and the ecosystems in which they occur is woefully incomplete. The global biodiversity crisis arising from overexploitation and pollution of water bodies is of great concern. Consequently, the degradation of water bodies necessitates regular assessment and management of Nigeria’s aquatic resources. The sediments of all water bodies, either lentic or lotic, contain vast numbers of micro invertebrate (species visible to the unaided eye) which are used to assess water quality in rivers (Elliot & Drake 1981). Not only are they numerically abundant, they are also taxonomically diverse. Hynes (1972) observed that the aquatic animals, which live on, in or near the substratum of running waters, include the nematodes, annelids, insects, crustaceans and molluscs. It is against this backdrop that this study seek to assess macro invertebrate species of Baka Jeba reservoir in Niger state.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This study will aim at surveying and identifying macro invertebrates species found in Baka Jeba Reservoir in Niger State in order to provide information on distribution and abundance of these macro invertebrates species within these habitats.

IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFETY PRACTICALS IN BIOLOGY STUDENTS IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL IN OYE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFETY PRACTICALS IN BIOLOGY STUDENTS IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL IN OYE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

ABSTRACT

The topic of this study is the implementation of safety practical in Biology Students in senior Secondary Schools in Oye Local Government Area. There has been a persistent decline in implementing safety practices to a large extent in the biology laboratories among senior secondary schools. This ugly trend has been of great concern to the government, educators and the society. The purpose of the study is to examine implementation of safety practices in biology laboratories. The design of the study was a descriptive survey research. The area of the study is Oye Local Government Area. The populations of the study consist of 14 Secondary Schools from which 5 schools were selected from the population. The researcher randomly selected 100 respondents. A sample size of 75 students and 25 teachers was used. The instrument used for data collection was questionnaire. The data collected was analyzed using simple mean which significantly guided the study. The researcher found out that safety practices is poor and is not encouraging during practical. The researcher recommended that the Government should increase their funds in assisting the school management for a suitable laboratory building and the school administration should send science teachers for training through seminar and workshop.

                                        CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the study

Biology is a science that is concerned with life processes. The study of biology is mainly accomplished through practical activities usually performed in well equipped biology laboratories. The biology laboratory is a room or a building in a school or college where the practical side of biology is taught. It is usually a place set aside for conducting practical activities in biology .The central role of biology laboratory as identified by Voss (2012) is to provide illustration of some basic principles and to teach the students the applications of the principles so acquired. A well equipped biology laboratory enables students to develop good judgments, self reliance, critical thinking, technical personal contact with apparatus and materials present in the laboratories under the direction\supervision of the teacher.

A biology laboratory needs to be well organized so that a climate for investigating scientific concepts will exist such a climate ensures that the laboratory is safe for those using it. Since laboratory environment is meant for man to handle, accidents and injuries are bound to occur. Therefore the teacher in biology laboratory is responsibly committed to teaching his students on how to handle chemicals and materials, so as to bring about good results in a safe manner of preserving life. In this regard, Byrd (2004) posited that most of the accidents and injuries that occur in secondary schools biology mainly result from inadequate knowledge of safety rules, insufficient skill by the laboratory workers and carelessness .

The students when using the laboratory have the obligation to help themselves and others; the teachers on their own part have to inculcate safety knowledge and practices into their student so they can develop a philosophy of safety that emphasizes positive rather than negative habits. 

According to the advance learner dictionary, safety is freedom from danger or risk. The importance of safety measures in biology laboratories is very necessary for both students and teachers to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of laboratory hazards. In this regard, Osborne (2012) maintained that most laboratory hazards can be reduced to minimum occurrence by good value, careful manipulation of laboratory apparatus, adequate supervision and the knowledge of the safety practices and their applications. It is obvious that anyone who is not safety conscious stands the greatest risk of turning a minor hazard into an accident which may be fatal. Also, there is need for safety facilities like fume, eye goggles, fire extinguishers, sink, lab coat, waste containers and first aid boxes to be provided in the biology laboratory as their absence may create health hazard. Though it is not enough to provide these safety equipment, supervision of the students during laboratory activities is also necessary.

Appropriate safety practices in biology laboratories in secondary schools can reduce the rate of accidents and guarantee safety of the students in the laboratories. A standard biology laboratory should have certain specified rules and regulations as well as safety materials and equipment presented to the students before allowing them to work in the laboratory and their implementation should be ensured.

These safety rules are guidelines designed to help keep both the students and the instructors’ safe when experimenting. Some equipment and chemicals in a biology laboratory can cause serious harm. It is always wise to follow all laboratory safety rules which are a sample of the most basic rules that should be followed when in biology laboratory,

1.2.    Statement Of The Problem

Since the inclusion of laboratory experience in the teaching and learning of biology, the question of both staff and students during practical work have become crucial. Biology laboratories have been established in some Nigeria secondary schools without safety considerations in their designs and constructions (Abdullahi, 2000).  Poor safety practices in biology laboratories have led to accidents such as glass breaking, skin contact with specimens and chemicals, injury, fire out breaks and even death. In the light of the above, it is therefore necessary to examine implementation on safety practices among biology students in Senior Secondary Schools in Oye Local Government.

1.3     Purpose Of The Study

The purpose of this study is to examine the implementation of safety practices among biology students in Senior secondary school in Oye Local Government.

Objectives Of The Study

Specifically the study intends to find out:

• The general designs and fittings of biology laboratories relevant to safety.
• The availability of safety equipment and materials in biology laboratories
• The services of laboratory assistants that are employed to ensure safety.
• The extent of implementation of safety rules biology laboratory.

1.4     Significance Of The Study

This research work will be beneficial to the following groups: National science teachers association (NSTA), students, teachers and school administrators.

Student who have phobia for practical’s in science laboratories due to the occurrences of  hazards and accident in the science laboratory will find this work   reliable in order to develop good attitudes, safe and conscientious laboratory habits  in any  practical field of study.

The teachers and other laboratory staff should also see the need of keeping the rules, developing slogans about them, writing some of them on the cardboard sheets hung on the laboratory. With these, practical work will be conducive through safety measures in the science laboratories.

The school administrators will find this work relevant by providing an adequate facility such as good modern and reliable building with necessary equipment where laboratory investigation can be conducted with ease.

The national science teachers association will find the best means to administer the groups of objectives that may be achieved through the use of laboratory in science classes such as attitude, understanding the nature of science, cognitive abilities, acquisition of knowledge concept and skills.

1.5     Research Questions

The following research questions have been formulated to guide the study.

1. How does the type of design and fitting in the biology laboratory appropriate to ensure safety?
2. To what extent is safety equipment available in the biology laboratory?
3. How often do services of laboratory assistants employed,  ensures safety during laboratory instructions.
4. To which measures does the secondary school biology student apply safety practices during practical sessions?

1..6  The Scope Of The Study

The study looks at the extent to which safety practices are implemented by staff and adherence to safety rules among students in biology laboratories in senior secondary schools in Oye Local Government area.