Showing posts with label Institution. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Institution. Show all posts

Tuesday, 24 May 2022

THE IMPACT OF STRESS MANAGEMENT ON EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY IN THE INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING

THE IMPACT OF STRESS MANAGEMENT ON EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY IN THE INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING

(A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

            1.1            Background to the Study     

Stress is one of the most fundamental problems spanning through human endeavour. Nweze (2015) stated that for two and half decades, stress phenomenon has become a topical issue in management development, seminars and workshops in Nigeria.

 

Halgin and Whitbourne (2003) conceptualized stress as an unpleasant emotional reaction a person has when he or she perceives an event to be threatening. They stated that this emotional reaction may include heightened physiological arousal due to increased reactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. The stressor is the event itself, which is also called a stressful life event. In the context of this work stress refers to a condition or situation in the body that makes people prone to anxiety, depression, anger, hostility, inadequacy and low frustration tolerance (Wai, 2013).

 

Management has been defined in various ways. In the view of Esiekpe (2013) management simply implies the skill in dealing with something or to be in perfect control of a situation. Stress management as defined by Cohen and Lazarus (2019) is problem-solving effort made by an individual faced with demands that are highly relevant to his welfare but taxing his adaptive resources. Adaptive resources involve coping methods that people exhibit in order to be habituated with stress.

 

One of the first means or techniques of stress management is to make sure that employee are properly matched to their jobs, and that they understand the extent of their “authority”. Furthermore, by letting employees know precisely what is expected of them, role conflict and ambiguity can reduced. Redesigning of jobs can also help ease work overload-related stressors. Employee should also have some input in those things that affect them. Their involvement and participation have been found to help lessen stress.

 

Employee productivity can generally be defined as all the behavior employees engage in while at work. It may also refer to the job-related activities of a worker and how well those activities were executed. Employee productivity is the record related to the results after practicing a job for a given period. It can also be seen as the quality and quantity that are attained by individual employees or group of employees after completing a given task.

 

For Cooper (2016), stress management strategies comprise measures taken to cope with trying periods, so that a state of psychological and physiological equilibrium is re-established and subsequently maintained.

 

            1.2            Statement of the Problem     

Stress could be considered as one of the irritating problems that continue to pose threat to the staff productivity in the institution of higher learning especially academic and administrative staffs of the institution. Studies in Nigeria, Ofoegbu & Nwadiani (2016) recorded the prevalence of stressful working conditions in tertiary institutions.

Some of the problems that related to stress include:

1)      Personal Problems: Some of the poor performance problems in a work organization are caused by personal issues faced by employees. This issues which often affect the employee personal lives often lead to performance decline, directly affecting the organizational productivity. For organizational productivity to be obtained, the workers must be efficient in their job performance.

2)      Physical and psychological issues: At job, stress affect the physical, psychological and financial balance of the employees. As a result of stress, employees are absent from organization and loose working hours. Stress increases the employee turn over from job, which influences the employees as well as organizational productivity. Stress directly affects the employees productivity and both of them are mutually related to each other.

3)      Job related problems: Role ambiguity, work relationships, job security, lack of job autonomy, work home interface, compensation and benefits, lack of management support are the keys sources of creating job stress. Due to these sources of stress, employee engagement to work decrease and ultimately it negatively affects the productivity of employees.

In a situation where employee productivity is declining, organizational productivity is often seriously affected. Inspite of this awareness, many organizations still suffer lack of organizational productivity as a result of poor stress management strategy. It is on this note that the study seek to examine the impact of stress management on staff productivity in the institution of higher learning with particular reference to Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa.

 

            1.3            Objectives of the Study

The objective of this study is to examine the impact of stress management on staff productivity in the institution of higher learning a case study of Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa. The specific objectives of the study are:

1.      To assess the effect of job demand as a stressor on staff productivity in institution of higher learning

2.      To examine the effect of lack of job control as a stressor on staff productivity in Federal polytechnic Nasarawa

3.      To investigate the impact of poor relationship among staff on staff productivity in institution of learning.

4.      To assess the impact of stress management on staff productivity in federal polytechnic Nasarawa

 

            1.4            Research questions

i.        What are the effects of job demand as a stressor on staff productivity in institution of higher learning?

ii.      What are the effects of lack of job control as a stressor on staff productivity in Federal polytechnic Nasarawa?

iii.    What are the impacts of poor relationship among staff on staff productivity in institution of learning?

iv.    What are the impacts of stress management on staff productivity in federal polytechnic Nasarawa?

 

                1.5            Statement of Hypothesis

H01: Job demand has no significant impact on staff productivity in institution of higher learning

H02: Job control has no significant effects on staff productivity in Federal polytechnic Nasarawa

H03: Poor relationship among staff has no significant impact on staff productivity in institution of learning.

H04: Stress management has no significant impact on staff productivity in federal polytechnic Nasarawa

 

                1.6            Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study will be delimited to all administrative staff in Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa. It will also investigate the preferred stress management strategies adopted by the administrative staff of tertiary institutions.

 

            1.7            Significance of the Study      

The study will be considered significant in many ways. For example, the study will provide information on the sources of stress to administrative staff of tertiary institutions especially in Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa. The information will be useful to the Ministries of Education who may use the information to address the areas where stress emanates as this will help improve staff productivity.

The study will provide information on the preferred stress management strategies adopted by the staff. The information will be useful to the Ministry of Health in alliance with the Department of Health and Physical Education as the information will help them plan worthwhile health promotion programmes which staff might use to their own advantage.

This study will act to increase the body of knowledge for academicians, it will tend describe that how various antecedents affect stress and how stress management affect employee’s academic institution.

 

               1.8            Historical Background of the Case Study

The Federal Polytechnic, Nasarawa was established on 1st July, 1983 by the Federal Government of Nigeria. The establishment of the Polytechnic was predicated on the Government’s desire to transform the society technologically.  This objective is contained in the Federal Polytechnic Decree No.33 of 1979 (as amended to Federal Polytechnic Amendment Decree No. 28 of 1987), which goes thus:

·         To train people to acquire technical and vocational skills which are needed for the economic and social development of Nigeria especially in the fields of agriculture, industry and commerce;

·         To train and provide people who could improve the quality  of the environment by applying their acquired knowledge in finding solution to our environmental problems for the convenience of members of the society;

·         To provide opportunity for our students to be able to appreciate the standard of technology in all its complexities; and

·         To provide opportunities for professional training in engineering and other relevant technologies.

 

An important landmark in the development of the Polytechnic was the initial accreditation of all programmes in 1985 and commencement of Higher National Diploma (HND) programmes in Business Administration and Management. Accountancy, Secretarial Studies as well as Town and Regional Planning also commenced HND programmes in the Year 1986. Subsequently, new programmes and departments were introduced and accredited for the National Diploma and Higher National Diploma respectively. In addition to the regular programmes, the Polytechnic has successfully introduced Part-time Diploma and Higher National Diploma as well as Interim Joint Matriculation Board (IJMB) programmes.

 

At present, there are six (6) Schools and 28 departments.  In addition, processes for the commencement of new Diploma programmes in Mechatronics Technology, Foundry and Rail-tract Technology, as well as Higher National Diploma in Chemical Engineering Technology, Civil Engineering Technology, Electrical/Electronics Engineering Technology (Instrumentation option), and Degree programmes are now in progress.

 

                1.9              Definition of Key Terms

Stress:  Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It can come from any event or thought that makes you feel frustrated, angry, or nervous.

Stress Management: Stress management is a wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at controlling a person's level of stress, especially chronic stress, usually for the purpose of and for the motive of improving everyday functioning.

Staff Productivity: Employee productivity (sometimes referred to as workforce productivity) is an assessment of the efficiency of a worker or group of workers. Productivity may be evaluated in terms of the output of an employee in a specific period of time.

Friday, 31 December 2021

PROBLEM AND PROSPECT OF AUDITING IN GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS

PROBLEM AND PROSPECT OF AUDITING IN GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the Study

Government organizations have played a greater part in the economic growth of any economy, especially in the Nigerian economy. The contributions they have made so far cannot be overemphasized because their utmost aims of establishment is to provide some vital or essential services to improve the social and economic well being of the people.

These government organizations are mainly being funded either by the federal or state government through their budgetary allocations made to them yearly and they can also obtain loans or overdraft from commercial bank as well as subvention from government. These funds are expected to be utilized effectively and efficiently. But in most practices they are being misappropriated or embezzled by some government officials.

As a result of this mis-appropriation which has characterized most of the government organizations. Honestly and prudently managed. The audit is expect to show whether proper principles of accounts and audit ethics have been adhered to and that financial statements prepared give a true and fair view.

1.2   Statement of the Problem

In any business Organization in which allocation and application of funds serves as a backbone for financial activities to be carried out the following are problems in which are bund to be encountered.

1. Embezzlement of fund by some government Officials

2. Failure to exercise due professional care and the appropriate level of professional skepticism.

3. Over reliance on inquiry as a form of audit evidence

4. Deficiency in confirming accounts receivable

5. Failure to recognize related party transactions and assuming internal control exist when they may not.

These and other factors contribute to problems of auditing in government organization.

1.3   Purpose of the Study

The purpose of studying this topic is to examine the importance, problems and prospects of auditing in government institution.

  • To ascertain the problems encountered while auditing in government establishment.
  • To know if auditors exhibit enough professional competence in conduct of their work.
  • To know how effective auditing is in government establishment

1.4   Research Questions

This research work seeks to ask the following questions among others, deduced from the purpose of the study.

  1. Are auditors being threatened or intimidated during their audit work.
  2. Are auditors being faced with some problems during their audit work.
  3. Are vital documents needed for the audit of the organization being held from the auditors

1.5   Research Hypothesis

Based on the purpose, and research questions the following hypothesis are put forward.

Ho: Financial reports submitted are not in consonance with the transactions carried out by the government establishment

HI: Financial report submitted are in consonance with the transactions carried out by the government establishment.

Ho: Treats and intimidation do not positively affect the quality of auditors work in government establishment.

HI: Treat and intimidation positively affect the quality of auditors work in government establishment.

Ho: Poor professional conducts by auditors do not affect the quality of work done by auditor in government establishment.

HI Poor Professional conduct by auditors affects the quality of work done by auditors in government establishments.

1.6   Significance of the study

Where audit principles and procedures are carried out in government organizations the following benefits are derived of which these work will be beneficial to the following people and establishments:

  1. Government good audit work will prevent, expose fraud, errors and irregularities in government establishment.
  2. Auditors: will benefit by knowing the challenges facing them in their audit work and thereafter the prospects.
  3. Banks; will also benefit because it will give them insight on how to handle audit work successfully.
  4. Students and researchers will benefit by gaining knowledge on the audit challenges to banks and the prospects.

1.7   Scope and limitation of the study

This project would cover arrears such as audit principle(s) and procedures giving as in depth analysis on how audit work is carried out in government organizations.

Attempts have been made by the researcher to discuss in depth the various short comings behind this operational framework of auditing in government organization and also self investigation carried out.

Part of the constraint encountered by the researcher and limitations are as follows.

  1. Cost of carrying out the research
  2. Short duration of time limit dedicated on the project
  3. Distance and financial constraint.
  4. Restriction placed upon by some organization to have access to some vital documents.
  5. Secrecy maintained by some government officials by not revealing certain information which they term as “Keep government secrets secret”.

1.8   Definition of terms

Fraud: Is a mis-presentation of data with the intention to theft which is dishonest act involving the theft of assets and the falsification of accounting records and financial statements (Akpankpan, 2000.126)

Embezzlement: The fraudulent appropriation of property lawfully in one’s custody, (Kohther, 1970:173)

Auditing or Audit: Is concerned with an independent examination of financial statements and accounting records by an independent certified or chartered accountant and expression of an opinion by the public accountant on the financial statements of an organization stating whether the finance; al statements present fairly by the financial position of the firm concerning the period covered by the financial statement.

Auditor: An auditor is the qualified accountant who is professionally licensed to audit or examine financial statements or report of business or non-business organizations.

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