ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN PROMOTING MODERN JOURNALISM PRACTICE AMONGST JOURNALIST IN THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY

ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN PROMOTING MODERN JOURNALISM PRACTICE AMONGST JOURNALIST IN THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background to the Study

In the past, a reporter had to run as fast as possible back to the newsroom after interviewing and tried to beat the competition from print. With the advent of the digital age, the role of the journalist changed. The emergence of information communication technology such as the internet has made it possible for journalist to find out about events without actually being there. Journalists can report news across the world over the internet.

Throughout history, developments in technology and communication have gone hand-in-hand, and the latest technological developments such as the internet have resulted in the advancement of the science of communication to a new level. The process of human communication has evolved over the years, with many path-breaking inventions and discoveries heralding revolutions. The invention of pictographs or the first written communication in the ancient world brought about written communication. These writings were on stone, and remained immobile. The invention of paper, papyrus and wax, culminating in the invention of the printing press in the 15th century made possible transfer of documents from one place to another, allowing for uniformity of languages over long distances. The latest revolution is the widespread application of electronic technology such as electronic waves and signals to communication, manifesting in the electronic creation and transfer of documents over the World Wide Web(Gross, 2010, p78).

Social media which are a form of electronic communication have become the highest activity on the internet. They refer to social networking websites developed to specifically help people share their views and stay in touch with their friends, relatives and well-wishers. Social media represents a shift in how people discover, read and share news, information content which brought about the democratization of information, transforming people from content readers into publishers. Social media are also internet sites where people interact freely, sharing and discussing information about each other and their lives, using a multi-media mix of personal words, pictures, videos and audio (Bruce and Douglas; 2008, p.27).

In the early 1990s, chat rooms and bulletin boards were forms of social media; in that they helped people connect with others and share interests. A little later, dating sites hooked together those looking for partners, and Classmate.com.let people connect with people they had known in high school and college. In the early 2000s, a site called Friendster was set up where people invited their friends to join and in turn, those friends invited other friends. The site was popular for a while but it suffered from technical difficulties and fake profiles and began losing members. Some of those members went to MySpace, which had actually started in 1999 but became better known in 2003.Its roots are a little muddy because it received financial and logistical support from another company called eUniverse, and most of the early users were eUniverse employees but Tom Anderson and Chris DeWolfe are given credit for much of the innovations and success of the site which built up to 115 million users worldwide. Members post bios, photos, blogs, videos, and other things that strike their fancy, and some TV programmes to air on MySpace. In 2005, Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation (parent of Fox Broadcasting) bought MySpace for 580 million dollars. A competitor to MySpace, Facebook was started in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg while he was a student at Harvard University; it grew up rapidly about 2007. At first Facebook was solely for college and high school students, but Zuckerberg opened it to everyone and like MySpace, it encourages all types of member postings (Gross, 2010, p78). Apart from the above mentioned social media tools, there are also others. These include; Twitter, YouTube, BlackBerry Messenger, Flickr, Word Press, Blogger, Badoo, Live Journal, Wikipedia, Type Pad, Second Life and Lulu. All these social media appear in many forms including blogs and microblogs, forums, and message boards, social networks, wikis, virtual worlds, social bookmarking, tagging and news, writing communities, digital storytelling and scrapbooking, data, content, image, video sharing, podcast portals and collective intelligence.

Journalism on the other hand is the deliberate and conscious efforts to gather information, collating and analyzing data for the purpose of informing, educating, and entertaining the people with a view of making an appropriate decision (Akinreti, 2007, p.123). Journalism is also an investigation and reporting events, issues and trends to a large audience. Though there are many variations of journalism, the ideal is to inform the intended audience about topics ranging from government and business organizations to cultural aspects of society such as arts and entertainment. The field of journalism include; editing, photojournalism and documentary (Lynne; 2010, p.50)

1.2     Statement of the Problem

The impact of social media in today’s world of communication, especially journalism cannot be over-looked. Since its arrival social media have certainly changed the way journalists work, how stories are developed and disseminated. Social media have had positive impacts, without doubt, but there are also concerns about their impact on productivity and the disruption it could have on journalists’ working patterns. Social media have created a dependency among those working in the media and many are unable to do without them. Social media have become journalistic lexicon and it seems sourcing information has overtaken self-promotion as a primary social activity. While journalists are growing more sophisticated in their use of social media, and are for instance, using a great variety of tools to source for news, some journalists are less positive about some of the ways social media affect their journalistic activities, their engagement with their audience, their productivity and the quality of their work. Based on these contrasting views, the question this research seeks to answer is; What is the role of social media in promoting modern journalism practice amongst journalist in the Federal Capital Territory Abuja. 

1.3     Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study is to examine the role of social media in promoting modern journalism practice amongst Journalists in the Federal Capital Territory.

The following are specific objectives:

1. To know if journalists in the Federal Capital Territory are exposed to social media networking tools.
2. To find out the type of social media tools journalists in the FCT prefer.
3. To discover whether social media have enhanced the productivity of journalists in the study area.
4. To ascertain the role of social media in promoting modern journalism practice.

1.3     Research Questions

1. Does journalists in the Federal Capital Territory use social media networking tools?
2. What are the types of social media tools journalists in the FCT prefer?
3. Has social media enhanced the productivity of journalists in the study area?
4. What are the roles of social media in promoting modern journalism practice?

1.4     Research Hypothesis

H₀: Social media does not play any significant role in promoting modern journalism practice among the journalist in the Federal Capital territory.

1.5     Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is limited to the role of social media in promoting modern journalism practice among journalist in the Federal Capital Territory Abuja. 

1.6     Significance of the Study

This study will be of immeasurable importance to journalists, media organizations, news agencies, editors, lecturers and students in the field of journalism and mass communication as well as other researchers who will want to embark on same study as this.

It will also help journalists to interact with their audience and identify their information needs. The study will also help journalists who rarely embraced social media to do so in order to increase their productivity.

The study will also contribute to wealth of knowledge therefore serve as a reference point to students and other researchers who may be interested in carrying out further studies on the role of social media in promoting modern journalism practice.

1.7     Operational Definition of Terms

Social media: The term social media refers to the Internet-based social networking websites developed to specifically help people share their views and stay in touch with their friends, relatives and well wishers.

Media: Media in this study are Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and other social media networking tools which journalists use to disseminate information to a large heterogeneous audience.

Journalism: This is the practice of writing, editing, and disseminating information to the public.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST CHILD ABUSE

 

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST CHILD ABUSE

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study
Child abuse and labour represents one of the most dehumanizing forms of human rights abuse. Top on the hat of the slavery-like practices against children is child trafficking. Combating child trafficking has gathered considerable momentum over the years with increased political awareness regarding the phenomenon, as illustrated by the localized adoption and ratification of international standards and important commitments undertaken in international conference by different states.
Child abuse or child maltreatment is physical, sexual, and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child or children, especially by a parent or a caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or potential harm to a child, and can occur in a child’s home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with.
The terms child abuse and child maltreatment are often used interchangeably, although some researchers make a distinction between them, treating child maltreatment as an umbrella term to cover neglect, exploitation, and trafficking. Different jurisdictions have developed their own definitions of what constitutes child abuse for the purposes of removing children from their families or prosecuting a criminal charge.
In 2002, the African union reaffirmed its commitment to combat child trafficking. It identified the elimination of human trafficking as an operational priority. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), in 2001 developed strategies to fight child trafficking for exploitative labour purposes in West and Central Africa. In Africa, the first commitment to combat trafficking is exemplified in Africa charter on the right or welfare of the child (1990).

In the United Nations (UN) protocol to prevent, suppress or punish trafficking in person especially women and children. The United Nations convention against transitional organized crime called Palermo protocols, defineschild abuse or human trafficking to mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring as receipt of persons by means of threat, or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, abuse of power or of a position of benefit, vulnerability, of the giving or receiving of payment to receive the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation. (Arinze, 2006).

In order to mobilize effective efforts, political will and policy responses to prevent or combat child abuse or trafficking, the international community reached a common consensus on a common normative definition or trafficking in human beings which include various form of sexual exploitation or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or removal of organs. The focus of the provision stresses that trafficking for exploitative purposes should be considered a crime and must be prosecuted. It‟s also stressed that national laws should be reviewed to ensure compliance through legislative process the protocol as a model. Prior to the time, the scale of child trafficking had been hard to determine as a result of complete unavailability of databases on child trafficking or traffickers and above all the shameful delay in the adoption and enactment of the child‟s rights law by state in the country.

According to Arinze(206):
The activities of some non-governmental organizations like women or child labour eradication. Women trafficking and child labour eradication foundation (WOTCLEF) and India Renaissance brought the issue of human trafficking especially child labour to the national discourse-and made the wife of the former vice president Mrs. TitiAbubakar to initiate a bill to the national assembly in person. This action was followed by the establishment of National Agency for the prohibition child abuse / trafficking in persons and other related matters. The agency is to enforce the laws against trafficking in persons, investigate or prosecute persons suspected to engage in trafficking in persons or take change or coordinate the rehabilitation of victims of human trafficking.
Child abuse / trafficking takes place in most parts of the world. In Nigeria, the United Nations International Children’s Emergency fund (UNICEF) has identified 13 child abuse / human trafficking endemic states which include Edo, Ondo, Ebonyi, Imo, Rivers, Enugu, Ogun, Kano, Cross River, Akwa-Ibom or Delta States. Research has shown that child trafficking has become an intra cross boarder and trans-national crime. Testimonies of victims of trafficking have shown that various techniques are used by traffickers to trick children and their parents. Research has also shown that there is a very powerful and highly organized network that is reaping substantial profits from exploiting the convenience of international communication weakness of penal system and vulnerability of parents and children.

Social media which are a form of electronic communication have become the highest activity on the internet. They refer to social networking websites developed to specifically help people share their views and stay in touch with their friends, relatives and well-wishers. Social media represents a shift in how people discover, read and share news, information content which brought about the democratization of information, transforming people from content readers into publishers. Social media are also internet sites where people interact freely, sharing and discussing information about each other and their lives, using a multi-media mix of personal words, pictures, videos and audio (Bruce and Douglas; 2008, p.27).

In the early 1990s, chat rooms and bulletin boards were forms of social media; in that they helped people connect with others and share interests. A little later, dating sites hooked together those looking for partners, and Classmate.com.let people connect with people they had known in high school and college. In the early 2000s, a site called Friendster was set up where people invited their friends to join and in turn, those friends invited other friends. The site was popular for a while but it suffered from technical difficulties and fake profiles and began losing members. Some of those members went to MySpace, which had actually started in 1999 but became better known in 2003.Its roots are a little muddy because it received financial and logistical support from another company called eUniverse, and most of the early users were eUniverse employees but Tom Anderson and Chris DeWolfe are given credit for much of the innovations and success of the site which built up to 115 million users worldwide. Members post bios, photos, blogs, videos, and other things that strike their fancy, and some TV programmes to air on MySpace. In 2005, Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation (parent of Fox Broadcasting) bought MySpace for 580 million dollars. A competitor to MySpace, Facebook was started in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg while he was a student at Harvard University; it grew up rapidly about 2007. At first Facebook was solely for college and high school students, but Zuckerberg opened it to everyone and like MySpace, it encourages all types of member postings (Gross, 2010, p78). Apart from the above mentioned social media tools, there are also others. These include; Twitter, YouTube, BlackBerry Messenger, Flickr, Word Press, Blogger, Badoo, Live Journal, Wikipedia, Type Pad, Second Life and Lulu. All these social media appear in many forms including blogs and microblogs, forums, and message boards, social networks, wikis, virtual worlds, social bookmarking, tagging and news, writing communities, digital storytelling and scrapbooking, data, content, image, video sharing, podcast portals and collective intelligence.
The social media have greatly influence the way information is passed across board pertaining any issues of interest with child abuse inclusive. It is against this background that this study seek to assess the role of social media in the campaign against child abuse

1.2 Statement of the Problem
Today in west and central Africa, it is acknowledged that agricultural fields, gold and diamond mines, stone quarries and domestic work are areas where the working conditions of children are often exploitative. Furthermore, changes in old cultural practices such as fostering, handing over a child to a third party have been corrupted and abused. In recognition of the challenges, child abuse pose to the atonement of human rights, security and sustainable development and achievement of millemium development goals, the question this study seeks to answer is; how has African Independent Television (AIT) Influenced the discouragement of child abuse and labour with particular focus on child trafficking in Gariki of Abuja metropolis.

1.3 Objectives of the study
The general objective of this study is assess of the role of social medial in the campaign against child abuse.
The study has the following specific objectives:
To assess the role of social media in the campaign against child labour
To ex amine the popularity of social media campaign against child abuse.
To appraise the effectiveness of the social media campaign against child abuse
To find out how the Social media campaign have helped in discouraging the practice of child abuse and labour.
1.4 Research Questions
The study answered the following research questions
What are the roles of social media in the campaign against child abuse?
How popular is social media campaign against child abuse?
How effective is the social media campaign against child abuse?
Does the social media campaign discourage the practice of child abuse andlabour?

1.5 Scope of the study
The purpose of this study is to look at the influence of social media as a watchdog against child abuse and labour with particular reference to child abuse and child human trafficking.

1.6 Significance of the study
This study would serve as a reference material for both the students and researchers who may have their study in line with the study’s area of research.
The study will also be a useful guide for mass media organizations like the print and other broadcast institutions in planning to educate the public on the consequences of child abuse and labour.

1.7 Operational definitions of terms
Social media: The term social media refers to the Internet-based social networking websites developed to specifically help people share their views and stay in touch with their friends, relatives and well wishers.
Media:Media in this study are Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and other social media networking tools which journalists use to disseminate information to a large heterogeneous audience.
Child Abuse: It is an act which constitutes all forms of physical and emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship or responsibility, trust or power.
Child Labour: It is the employment of children in any work that deprives them or that may interfere with their education or endanger their health.
Child trafficking: trafficking is a modern form of slavery that involves displacing a child for the purpose of exploitation. It is also the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring and or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation
Mass Media: The mass media are communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data, or promotional messages are disseminated. Example, television, radio, newspapers, and magazines.
Child Trafficking: Child trafficking is a modern form of slavery that involves displacing a child for the purpose of exploitation. It is also the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring and or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation.