PLANNING FOR THE PROVISION OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY FOR BAGAJI IN KARU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF NASARAWA STATE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Infrastructure
is a basic physical and organizational structure needed for the operation of a
society or enterprise: or the services and facilities needed or necessary for
an economy to function.
There
are various types of infrastructures, they are: Transport in infrastructure,
energy infrastructure, water management infrastructure, communication
infrastructure etc.
Rural
areas of Nigeria
(Olatunbosun 1975) are inhabited by the bulk of the nations population, which
services as the base for the production of food and fiber, they are also the
major source of capital formation for the country and principal market for
domestic manufactures. The rural area engages in primary economic development.
Yet, despite the importance attached to it there is absence of basic facilities,
notably portable water supply.
In Nigeria,
operation of public water supply systems commenced only early in the twentieth
century in Lagos and a few other towns like
Calabar, Kano, Ibadan,
Abeokuta and Enugu
The
government major intervention came during the first national development plan
period (1962-1968), though the establishment of the river Niger and Lake Chad
basin commission
Water
is essential for sustenance of life and determines the over all socio-economies
development of any nation. In Nigeria
so many program to improve portable water supply situation had been put in
place by different administration. Despite this the hope of meeting the UN
millennium Development Goals (MDGS) target of safe water supply by the year
2015 is still uncertain.
Adequate
water supply lies at the heart of development whether it is urban or rural.
Water supply and sanitation development of any nation are continence of
long-term process which requires careful planning and implementation geared
towards adhering to improved conditions of life. (Babalola 1990, 1997), Nigeria is
blessed by nature with a lot of natural resource amongst which water is one of
them. World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that Nigeria is blessed with abundant
water resources, the excess of which has been causing flood and erosion in many
parts of the country.
However,
the distribution of these water resources is not evenly spread around the
country.
In
spite of the availability of the resources, WHO (1976) maintained that its
supply to the majority of the population especially, the rural areas is very
much inadequate.
A
successful community management requires that clear ownership of their water
system be defined.
A
rural water supply program should be established in Bagaji village to
contribute to reduction in poverty, reduction of water borne related diseases,
increased productivity and over all the improved well-being of the entire rural
populace of bagaji.
To
achieve these objectives steps would be take to involve the state and local
government in providing few technical staffs and 50% of the fund of the
programme.
Also,
NGO (non-Governmental organization) UNICEF,(WHO) World Health Organization
would also be solicited to support the programme with mechanized drilling rigs,
vehicles and also share in financing the project. Further assistance would be
sort from stake holders, private
sectors, Rotary international and the local community itself.
AIM
The
aim of this study is to examine the water supply problems in Bagaji with a view
to preparing a plan for the provision of water in the settlement.
OBJECTIVES
1.
To review planning principles and standards
for the provision
2.
To identify the various sources of water in
Bagaji viz-a-viz their viability and sustainability.
3.
To access the water needs and demand of the
community viz-a-viz the socio-economic characteristics of the inhabitation.
4.
To identify the potentials and problems of
inhabitants in the community.
5.
To evolve physical planning recommendation
for improvement.
6.
Identifying the main
and alternative source of rural water supply in the area and their distance
away from home.
7.
Examining the
consequence of the use of the alternative source of water in Bagaji village.
RESEARCH PROBLEM
STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Inhabitants of Bagaji
settlement go through a lot of hardship due to lack of portable drinking water.
This results in the following
1.
Prevalence in water borne diseases
such as typhoid fever and cholera, especially among children and the elderly in
the study area.
2.
Large amount of time and energy spent
on water collection and hauling in bagaji.
3.
Children in particular, suffer poor
health as a result of direct injury through hauling of heavy loads of water
over long distances and through the use of insufficient amounts of water to
maintain adequate standards of hygiene.
4.
The attitude of water consumers in the
study area also constitutes a problem.
5.
Ineffective government policies
relating to the provision of portable water supply in rural areas and constant
change in leadership.
JUSTIFICATION
It
is necessary for any village to have modern and up to – date infrastructural
water supply facilities that would promote the standard of their living.
These
facilities would guide the growth and development of this community or village
in creating a proper and functional productive environment that would ensure
pleasant and convenient life style for the people living in the study area.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This
research work covers planning for the provision of rural infrastructural water
supply facilities for Bagaji village. It also involve examining the problems
faced by the people of this village due to the absence of these
facilities.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
This
literature focus on the success of the urban water supply as a catalyst for
socio economic transformation in Porthacourt city in Nigeria
Greater
awareness of growing problems of water supply in various parts of the world
concern our contemporary societies. This complex and uneven global patterns of
distribution of water continue unabated as population reduces the per capital volumes
available. The city was divided into 10 (ten) different zones which include, Abu Loma, Romokwanta, Mule 1 and II, Diobu Port
Harcourt town GRA Phase II, Rainbow, Ogbu Naba II, Eleliah and Rumogba. Three hundred (300)
questionnaires were administered to mostly head of household at the designed
localities (30 per location) The Pearson product movement correlation
statistical techniques was employed in testing the stated hypothesis and the
result shows that income influences the quality
of water used by individual in different sections of Port Harcourt.
Therefore, it is pertinent to state that efforts should be made at improving
urban water supply in the area.
CONCEPT OF DOMESTIC WATER:
Basically,
domestic water refers to water consumed by the household and its uses varies
with the climate and the stage of sophistication of the urban community Perrier
(1973), It includes water for working,
personal cleaning, drinking, flushing of lavatory, water of lawns and flowers,
car washing and general house cleaning. Ayoade (1988) in his work, post that
the human body is 60% water and an average daily water intake 2.25 liters is
required by every person. Generally, there had been lack of information on the
component of domestic water,
particularly in the tropics. But however, personal washing and flushing of
closet account for almost 30% of water used by the household.
Isaac
(1965) stipulates that an average man is entitled to 15 liters of water per-day
in the temperate region, while Ayoade and Oyebande (1978) in their study of
water affairs and forestry. Maria (1994) in recent report on water supply
policy defines basic water supply as 25 liters per person per day at a good
quality provided at a distance of 200m on a regular and assured basis. Experience
shows that people tend to use more water when they have access to running
water. For instance US
average personal water use is about 60 liters per day. Compared with 50 liters,
per capital day in India.
European school book (1994).
Edith
(1993) Gleiclc (1993) and UN (1997) in their various study confirmed that
domestic water is about 8% of the total water used worldwide. There is an
upsurge in the quantity of water required for domestic purposes due to
population increase and sophistication in the standard of living. The use of
modern households appliances such as dish washer by the affluent ones in the
society need enormous amount of water. European
School book (1994) White (1972) in
their study of domestics water uses in East Africa
observed that the humidity of the courtyard may be enhanced through fountain of
pool while large volume of water may go for irrigation of lawns and flowers for
cooling effects or for esthetic enjoyment. A study conducted by Farror (1977)
on domestic water we among low income communities in Nchixian, Mexico
reveals that the volume of water used by people of developing countries is
chiefly a function of income and material well being. Hence the affluent once
have access to sufficient quantity of water. McDonald and David (1988) supports
the above point when he declared “in many urban centers” if one can afford the
capital cost, clean piped water could be cheap enough for the rich to file
their swimming pools, while the poor may have to pay two or more much, per unit
quantity of water, to buy the bucket from a jerry can” the above preposition
shows the disparity between the rich and the poor in both urban and rural areas
WATER AS A SOCIO ECONOMIC
POTENTIAL
In
a related development, report of the secretary general of UN (1979) rightly
points out that providing clean supplies of water and ensuring proper sanitary
facilities would save millions of lives by reducing the prevalence of water
disease such as typhoid , malaria, hepatitis, diarrhea etc.
Thus
finding solution to these problems should become a high priority for developing
countries and assistance agencies. Many studies links improvement in sanitation
and provision of portable water with dramatic reduction in water related
morbidity and mortality. In 1991 over 100 students were conducted of the
effects clean water and sanitation on human health. The result show a median
reduction in death from water related diseases as 60% among people having access to portable water and proper
sanitation as observed by Postal (1996). One major reason that greatly enhances
the uses of water is sanitation. Increased awareness of people thoroughly
education as regards the sanitary condition of their environment has equally
resulted in the use of ample quantity of water in many parts of the developing
world.
CHAPTER THREE
GEOGRAPHICAL
AND HISTORICAL SETTING/LOCATION
LOCATION
Nigeria
is situated in the shores of the gulf of guinea from about 40N – 150N
of the equator, a latitude stretch of about 30E and 150E
of the Greenwich
meridian.
Nigeria
has a total land area of about 923,300sq km. It stretches for about 1,100km
from the north to south. It is bounded in the south by Atlantic Ocean, to the Benin and to the east by the Cameroon while up north by the Niger republic.
It has a population of 88.5 million as witnessed by the 1991 census.
NATIONAL SETTING
Abuja
is located in the geographical centre of Nigeria. It has a total land area
of about 8,000sq km and consists of the country. It is bounded in the north by Kaduna state east by Niger state, Nasarawa state in the
West and Kogi state in the south.
REGIONAL SETTING
Karu
L.G.A is one of the thirteen area council in the Nasarawa State.
It is bounded in the north by Kokona L.G.A, Keffi in the east Benue state in
the east and Abuja
in the west.
LOCAL SETTING
The
study area Bagaji is located within Karu L.G.A of Nasarawa State.
It has a total population of about 6750 people and a land area of about 54.8
hectares of land.
PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
CLIMATE
This
refers to the weather condition of the place over a long period of time,
normally an average of 35 – 40 years. The climate include: temperature,
rainfall, humidity, wind, sun radiation, cloud cover etc.
Temperature
within this area is average of about 370c. The possibilities of the
temperature drooping to the barest minimum degree centigrade are positive
because it is embedded within a valley to tick forest.
VEGETATION
Generally,
the vegetation of Nasarawa
State characterized by
park savannah which is also typically stratified community with a discontinuous
canopy, shrubs and grass layers. The free stratum is less dense than that of
the savannah woodland but more substantial than that the shrub savannah.
SOIL AND GEOLOGY
The
geographical area is rocky. These rocky are igneous rock. It is classified as
biotite (fine to medium grained).
The
soil part of the region is good. It consists of humus soil that is responsible
for the good vegetation within the region.
WINDS
The
two pronounced air masses experienced in Bagaji village are the north-east
trade winds (tropical continental winds) from the Sahara
desert in winter (September – April) which is characterized by extreme
harmattan. The other air mass is the moist south west monsoon winds which blows
from the Atlantic Ocean and brings rain with
it.
HUMIDITY
Reference
to Nasarawa, relative humidity is high compared to what is experienced in most
northern states, this is because of effects of altitude.
RAINFALL
Nasarawa
in general experience two seasons yearly. The wet season begins from April to
October with the highest peaks in June/July. The study area has an average
rainfall of 1500.
DRAINAGE
The
nature of drainage in the area is influenced and shaped by the topography off
the area. This is to say that the drainage allows the pattern of slop/scope the
area.
TOPOGRAPHY
The
topography of an area determines the character, size and complexities of any
settlement there in the topography of Bagaji can be described as being
relatively flat at the centre core of the village. And is surrounding by gentle
slope.
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
STUDY AREA (BAGAJI)
The
origin of the town could be traced to some Gbagyi settlers at that time; they
were the first people (group) to occupy this land. The meaning of Bagaji was simply translated as “Come Lets Seat Together” in English
language.
The
Hausa people who migrated from Kano were
transporters of goods from Kano to Port Harcourt on a
particular voyage, they decided to pitch a camp at Bagaji in other to catch
some breath and refreshment. In this town they met 3 Gbagyi people: They were
called Madaki, Labaji and Huduwa.
The
Hausas began developing interest in the town due to its conduciveness and also
because of a spring which had great advantages. Seeing they could dwell in this
beautiful and endowed place, they made agreements with the Gbagyis and
consequently, they became neighbors. The Gbagyis whom were timid people saw
that there was a lot of difference in the way that they both lived, they took
precautionary motivates and fled the area for another destination.
The
Hausas discovering they had been duly given ownership of the village decided to
choose a leader whom they called (Madigu). He later became the first settler
(Mallam Magaji Madigu). He was originally from Kano.
The
Arabs came and their mission was to introduce Islam. Then, tribes from Sokoto
called (Sharipawa) came and settle too, thus, the kingdom was divided into
three (3) namely (1) Kano
(2) Sharipawa and (3) Larabawa.
The
ruling system was then rotated between them and since they could not come to a
consensus on whom the permanent leader should be: there resulted a crisis
between the 3 tribes (groups) they finally resolved their differences thereby
unifying to fight Abuja,
Suleja in a Jihad war. They defeated Abuja.
They
assisted Lafia in fighting the Beriberi from the Borno Empire. After all the
controversies were resolved, the settlement authority from Zaria and they were directed to pay their
taxes accordingly. With the inception of the middle belt, they were directed to
Keffi district.
The
Bagaji people were later transferred to Karu L.G.C but presently they are in
Karshi development area of Karu L.G.C
They
have had 18 title holders since the inception of the town till date. They have
4 wards heads in the area. Bagaji is bordered from the West by Uke: from the
east Kokona: The north Panda and the south Keffi.
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