ENEMS MICROSYSTEMS RESEARCH SPOT: PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF DYES FROM DIFFERENT PLANT PARTS

PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF DYES FROM DIFFERENT PLANT PARTS

ABSTRACT

Environmental pollution as well as the global prevailing economic problems has necessitated the need to utilize indigenous natural resources as dye materials due to their environmental friendliness, easy availability, and lower price compared to the synthetic dyes. This study was carried out to investigate the dyeing properties of solvent extracts of different parts of three local plants; seed of Kola nut (Cola acuminate), stem of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and outer skin of Onion (Allium sepa). The fastness property of the dye extracts was tested on white different fabrics which are cotton, nylon, polyester and silk the extracts shows to be stable on cotton fabric than the other fabrics. When the test fabrics were treated with mordant ( Potassium permanganate, Potassium dichromate, Copper sulphate and Cobalt tetrachloride)and the dye extracts were used on them they changes color to different shades of brown, some pink and their fastness properties greatly increases to be more stable to light and wash. The dye extract from kola nut has the highest yield (5.51 %) followed by ginger extract (3.26 %) and then the onion extract (1.23 %.).

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Although dyes abound in the natural environment, dyes can also be formed in different ways and used in different applications depending on their manufacturing process. Dyes can be formed by using chemicals like acids or extracted from earth and mineral sources. Natural dyes can be obtained even from our own backyards and used to color fabric and other household items. These include various parts of plants such as flowers, roots, and nuts which can be processed to obtain many colors. Natural dyes produce vibrant colors, creating a palette that is compatible and blend with each other.

Adu-Akwaboa (1994) shares the view that natural dyes of various colors can be obtained from many local plants in Nigeria and that dyes can be extracted from barks of trees, leaves, roots, seeds, fruits, flowers, or the young shoots. Similarly, Harris (1995) asserts that plants in the environment can be exploited to achieve natural colors of various shades to color natural fibers and textiles by means of dyeing, printing or painting. Harris mentions that the roots of some species of the madder plant which could be grown practically everywhere were used from the earliest times to produce a whole range of reds. Red animal dyes derived from certain species of scale insects were also highly valued from ancient times and right through the Middle Ages. The literature indicates that until the 19th century, all dyes were derived from vegetable or more rarely animal or mineral sources. By the early part of the last century, only a small percentage of textile dyes were extracted from plants. Dye is a soluble colored compound which is a widely used material in almost all industries. The preparation and application of dyestuffs is one of the oldest forms of human activities. Many garden flowers make beautiful dyes ranging from yellow to orange and brown. Several workers have extracted a number of dyes from a variety of local plants. According to Akpuaka (1998) and Osabohiem (2002), the local plants like canwood, redwood, henna, banana, annatto, rothmania, indigovine, kola turmeric, Rosette and ginger all contain different types of dyes which are used for various purposes.

The suitability of some of these dyes for dying purposes has been investigated on different types of fabric. Another plant that will make a beautiful dye is onions skin; onions skin will produce a beautiful orange color with alum and tartaric acid. Akpuaka (1993). An evaluation of other properties of a number of dyes including synthetic dyes has also been reported by a number of researchers. Obanda et al (1997) and Dambata et al (1997). Ekandern et al (1997); Eze et al, (2002); Yakasai et al, (2005); Izonfuo et al, (2000) and Sudarshan et al, (2011) have also reported their findings on the use of some natural dye extracts as indicators in acid-base titrimetry. Other than these few reported cases, very little attention has been paid to the use of local plant dye extracts as dyeing materials. Today synthetic dyes are the choice of many pharmaceutical, textiles, food industries for impacting colors on their products and for acid-base titrations in laboratories but due to environmental pollution, availability, ease of preparation and cost effectiveness, the search for natural compounds as dyes and dyeing materials started.

Thus the purpose of this study is to extract and investigate the dyeing properties of some local plant extracts that could be used as effectively as well as their workability as good dyeing stuffs. Natural dyes generally require a mordant, which are metallic salts of aluminum, iron, chromium, copper and others, for ensuring the reasonable fastness of the color to sunlight and washing. Natural dyes are also used to color food.

1.2 Brief History of Dyeing

The art of dyeing is as old as our civilization. Dyed textile remnants found during archaeological excavations at different places all over the world provide evidence to the practice of dyeing in ancient civilizations. Natural dyes were used only for coloring of textiles from ancient times till the nineteenth century. As the name suggests, natural dyes are derived from natural resources. Coloring materials obtained from natural resources of plant, animal, mineral, and microbial origins were used for coloration of various textile materials. Different regions of the world had their own natural dyeing traditions utilizing the natural resources available in that region. Use of natural dyes started to decline after the invention of synthetic dyes in the second half of the nineteenth century. Concerted research efforts in the field of synthetic dyes and rapid industrialization of textile production resulted in almost complete replacement of natural dyes by synthetic dyes on account of their easy availability in ready-to-apply form, simple application process, consistency of shades, and better fastness properties. The tradition of using natural dyes could survive only in certain isolated pockets. Recent environmental awareness has again revived interest in natural dyes mainly among environmentally conscious people. Natural dyes are considered eco-friendly as these are renewable and biodegradable; are skin friendly and may also provide health benefits to the wearer. Natural dyes can be used for dyeing almost all types of natural fibers. Recent research shows that they can also be used to dye some synthetic fibers. Apart from their application in textiles, natural dyes are also used in the coloration of food, medicines, handicraft items and toys, and in leather processing, and many of the dye-yielding plants are used as medicines in various traditional medicinal systems. There are several challenges and limitations associated with the use of natural dyes. The current dyestuff requirement from the industry is about 3 million tones. Considering this fact, the use of natural dyes in mainstream textile processing is a big challenge. As agricultural land is primarily required to feed an ever-increasing world population, support livestock and biodiversity should not be compromised for the extraction of dyes, sustainability of natural dyes is a major issue. Samantha (2011).

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Since time immemorial, the roots, seeds, leaves, bark and flowers of plants and also mineral matter have been used to dye textiles. Natural dyes or colorants are also used in the food manufacturing industry with the prime motive of making their products very attractive. Until the 1850s, the World Book Encyclopedia (2001) reports that all dyes were made from natural sources such as the roots, seeds, leaves, bark and flowers of plants and also mineral matter. Synthetic dyes came into existence during the late 1800s and 1900s, and were widely used owing to their property of better color fastness. The industry now uses a wide variety of these synthetic dyes. As a result, the natural dyes which are less harmful are no longer used while more chemical dyes are used. These toxic materials pollute the environment and create more hazards to life. The adaptation of synthetic dyes in Nigeria has drastically reduced interest in exploration of plant dyes from our environment. This is because, one can get the synthetic dyes which have better fastness property easily on the market instead of going through the long process of walking through the forest to collect the plants from which dyes are extracted. As though this was not enough, synthetic food colorants are being used to color food items like fried yam and turkey tail, beef, bread, pig feet and pastries which are sold in the market. Even though these synthetic dyes come in handy, they are expensive and may be environmentally unfriendly. Furthermore, educational institutions located in rural communities where commercial dyes are unavailable for lack of suppliers or inaccessible for lack of funds to purchase them, could use the resourcefulness of our natural environment; thus coming out with their own dyes from flora available in their localities Opoku-Asare (2004). This project is intended to serve as reference material for practical science works. Also, not paying attention to the extensive possibilities and creative capacity of the art practitioners to develop technical skills through the use of the material resources in the natural environment will jeopardize the classroom setting, which is expected to be a field with the right kind of artistic experiences needed to obtain the objective of self expression among students. It is therefore expedient in this regard that, research be carried out into basic ways of the extraction and application of dyes from local plants found in the environment as substitute for synthetic colorants used in the textile and food industry, which will not be harmful to the human system. In addition, this research can help to alleviate boredom and create versatility in the science setting by educating urban dwellers and students of chemistry on the processes involved in obtaining and producing natural dyes from the environment, including the forest reserves.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

1. To identify some plants from which dyes can be extracted.

2. To test the properties of the plant dyes.

3. To evaluate the application of theses plant dyes on different fabrics (cotton, polyester, nylon and silk).

1.5 Research Questions

1. What are some of the natural plants from which dyes can be extracted?

2. How can these extracted dyes be used to dye textiles?

3. To what extent can the forest reserves be explored to create wealth for the Nigerian textiles producers?

1.6 Delimitation

The study was limited to exploring the plants from which dyes can be extracted and used as colorants for selected textile fabrics. Although there are different dyes additives (Acids and Alkali) that are, used to enhance fabrics, the study was limited to coloring agents.

1.7 Limitations

The research was characterized by collecting and ascertaining data on the existence of some plants. However, resource and funding constraints was a major drawback in gathering several of the plants from which dye can be extracted from, since more solvent will be needed for the extraction.

1.8 Importance of the Study

The study seeks to explore and capture some plants from which dyes can be extracted and applied to textile fabrics. The study also plays a distinctive role in providing beneficial information to the textile industries, students and scholars. In addition, the study would create the awareness of unexplored plant dyes and finally serve as a reference material to other research works.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Adhere: The ability for a dye to stick firmly to a substrate.

Affinity for dye: The ability for a fiber or fabric to attract dye and exhaust it.

Bleed: To spread color from one area of a substrate to another area, bleeding may produce both color loss and staining.

Crack: To transfer color as a result of abrasion or rubbing.

Exhaustion: The amount of transfer of dye from the bath to the fiber, either by, adsorption or absorption.

Dye stuff: To change the color of something by using a special liquid. The substance has the ability to change the appearance of a substrate.

Dye liquor: This is a solution or liquid mixed with color to enable dyeing.

Fabric: This is formed by assembling yarns and or fibers into one cohesive Structure. The most common fabric structures are woven, knit, and non-woven. Fabric may be referred to as cloth, material, piece goods or goods.

Fade: A fabric is said to fade when it loses color or runs out during washing.

Fastness: The resistance of a material to change in color characteristics.

Fiber: These are fine hair-like substances. They may be natural or manufactured and are the smallest components of a textile product. Cotton is an example of a natural fiber while polyester on the other hand is a manufactured fiber.

Finish: This is any chemical or mechanical treatment or process that modifies the properties of textile products.

Frost: Loss of color resulting from localized abrasion.

Migrate: Shift color; this occurs when moisture lifts color and deposits it in another area. This is most seen in the underwear area.

Textiles It is a broad classification of materials that can be utilized in constructing fabrics, including textile fibers, and yarn. It is also used to designate the constructed fabric including woven, knitted, and non-woven structures as well as lace and crocheted goods. Yarn: Yarns are groupings of natural or manufactured fibers that are combined to form a continuous strand that can be used to produce fabric.

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ENEMS MICROSYSTEMS RESEARCH SPOT

Saturday 8 April 2023

PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF DYES FROM DIFFERENT PLANT PARTS

PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF DYES FROM DIFFERENT PLANT PARTS

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