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EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL AND ANTI-NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF MANGO (Mangifera indica) SEED KERNEL
AbstractMango (Mangifera indica Linn.) is one of the most important tropical fruits in the world. During processing of mango, by-products such as peel and kernel are generated. Kernels take up about 17-22% of the fruit. The aim of this work is to determine the proximate and anti-nutritional composition of M. indica seed kernels. Proximate analysis such as , crude fat, crude protein, crude ash, crude fibre and carbohydrates are as follows: crude fat; 14.80% ash; 2.62%, crude protain; 10.06%, crude lipid; 14.80%, carbohydrate: 70.12%.The result shows that M. indica seed kernels is rich in protein and carbohydrate. The anti-nutritional composition of the seed are as follows oxalate; 1.49g, phytate 1.44g and hydrogen cyanide; 0 g .This shows that the kernel seed has low anti-nutrients content. Therefore, mango seed is a nutritional promising seed.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Mango is a very common tropical fruit usually found in Southern Asia, especially in Eastern India, China, Burma, Andaman Islands and Central America. Mangoes belong to the genus Angifera, consisting of numerous species of tropical fruiting trees in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. It is cultivated and grown vastly in many tropical regions and widely distributed in the world. The mango is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia (Fowomola, 2010). Cultivated in many tropical regions and distributed widely in the world. It is one of the most extensively exploited fruits for food, juice, flavor, fragrance and color and a common ingredient in new functional foods often called superfruits. Its leaves are ritually used as floral decorations at weddings and religious ceremonies. Mango trees (Mangifera indica) reach 35 – 40 m in height, with a crown radius of 10 m. The leaves are evergreen, alternate, simple, 15 – 35 cm long and 6 – 16 cm broad; when the leaves are young they are orange-pink, rapidly changing to a dark glossy red, then dark green as they mature. The fruit takes from 3 – 6 months to ripen. The ripe fruit is variable in size and color, and may be yellow, orange, red or green to reduce the problem of waste disposal from mango production.
Mango seed is a single flat oblong seed that can be fibrous or hairy on the surface, depending on the cultivar. Inside the seed coat 1 – 2 mm thick is a thin lining covering a single embryo, 4 – 7 cm long, 3 – 4 when ripe, depending on the cultivar. When ripe, the unpeeled fruit gives off a distinctive resinous sweet smell. In its center is a single flat oblong seed that can be fibrous or hairy on the surface, depending on the cultivar. In 2008 Thailand is the third biggest mango producer, with a 2.5 millions of tons after India (13.6 millions of tons) and China (4.2 millions of tons) . In Thailand, mangos are the most popular fruits. There are several varieties grown in Thailand, “Nam Dawk Mai” and “Ok Long” are the favorites choices as dessert fruit. Keow Savoey is sweet and has a powdery texture, while Ma-muang Rat is predominantly sour with a hint of sweet. Ripe mangoes are processed into frozen mango products, canned products, dehydrated products, and ready-to-serve beverages (Ramteke and Eipeson, 1997). After consumption or industrial processing of the fruits, considerable amounts of mango seeds are discarded as waste (Table 1.) (Puravankara et al., 2000); they account for 35%–55% of the fruit (Bhalerao et al., 1989), depending on the variety. Actual figures on the quantity of mango waste generated commercially are not readily available. Therefore, the utilization of mango by-products especially mango seed may be an economical way cm wide, and 1 cm thick. Mango seed consists of a tenacious coat enclosing the kernel. The seed content of different varieties of mangoes ranges from 9% to 23% of the fruit weight (Palaniswamy et al., 1974) and the kernel content of the seed ranges from 45.7% to 72.8% (Hemavathy et al., 1988). Variation in characteristic yield may be due to the differences in variety of plant, cultivation climate, ripening stage, the harvesting time of the seeds kernels and the extraction method used.
The amino acids content of mango seed kernel are demonstrated in Table 4. Data in this table showed that valine and phenylalanine achieved higher values compared to the FAO/WHO reference (World Health Organization, 1985) followed by therionine, lysine and tyrosine which were somewhat equaled to the reference. On the other hand, arginine and glutamic acids revealed the highest values of all non essential amino acids in mango seed kernel content. The presence of antioxidant vitamins such as vitamin C, E and A suggests that mango seed could be used as an alternative source of these vitamins. Antioxidant vitamins have been reported to reduce oxidative processes which are known to be vital in the initiation mixture which fails to form soap when blended with NaOH. The composition of unsaponifiable matter of vegetable oils including tocopherols, sterols and squalene is of great importance for oil characteristics and stability (Sim et al., 1972). The major saturated fatty acids in mango seed kernels oil were stearic and palmitic acids and the main unsaturated fatty acids are oleic and linoleic acids. The comparison of the composition in fatty acids of mango seed kernel oil with that of vegetable oils indicates that this plant is rich in acids stearic and oleic. Accordingly, mango seed kernel oil is more stable than many other vegetable oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Such oils seem to be suitable for blending with vegetable oils, stearin manufacturing, confectionery industry or/and in the soap industry.
Antinutritional factors are primarily associated with compounds or substances of natural or synthetic origin, which interfere with the absorption of nutrients, and act to reduce nutrient intake, digestion, and utilization and may produce other adverse effects. Antinutrients are frequently related to plant-based, raw or vegan diets and are naturally synthesized in plants ( Gemede and Ratta 2014). Some of the common symptoms exhibited by a large number of antinutrients in the body can be nausea, bloating, headaches, rashes, nutritional deficiencies, etc. On the other hand, such chemical compounds can be evidently advantageous to humankind when consumed wisely. In fact, plants, for their own defense, primarily use antinutrients. Although people’s sensitivity to antinutrients widely differs adequate food processing is initially recommended to reduce antinutritional factors (Essack et al., 2017). A person cannot eliminate antinutrients once they have been introduced to the body. Eliminating and reintroducing specific foods that contain antinutrients can clear the correlation between symptoms and effects on human health. In this regard, the biochemical effects of the anti-nutritional factors are an object of research interest Most of the secondary metabolites, acting as anti-nutrients, elicit very harmful biological responses, while some of them are widely applied in nutrition and as pharmaco-logically-active agents ( Soetan and Oyewole 2009) .
1.2 Statement of Research Problem
Soaring food prices have triggered and increase in hunger worldwide, especially in Sub-Sahara African countries like Nigeria. The increase in prices of food has been attributed to several factors that include production shortfalls due to drought and flood, impact of climate change: increased demand for biofuel: emerging consumption habits of fast growing economies of some nations as well as trade policies to stabilize the food market crisis (FAO, 2008). According to the WHO (2013), malnutrition is one of the leading causes of death globally. It is well established that majority of people in developing countries depend mainly on cereal grains as their staple food due to limited income and high prices of animals foods. The essence of this work is to evaluate the proximate composition, mineral content and anti-nutrients present in Mangifera indica seed kernel.
1.3 Justification
The world population, and in particular countries in Africa, will continue to depend on seeds and grains (Wrigley et al., 2004). With an estimate of 30% of the total population of Africa suffering from chronic hunger and malnutrition, looking into ways of salvaging food crisis remains a challenge to all stakeholders in and outside the region. It is encouraging that conventional indigenous fruit seed such as Mangifera indica seed, (Jideani et al., 1996) have continued to receive increasing attention within the last ten years as revealed by the work done by different researchers. The present study is prompted by the claim of some nutritionist that Mangifera indica seed could have great nutritional benefits. This work was undertaken to investigate the proximate composition and anti-nutrients present in Mangifera indica seed kernel.
1.4 Aim and Objective
Aim
The aim of this work is to determine the proximate and anti-nutritional composition of Mangifera indica seed kernel
Objective
1. To evaluate the proximate composition of Mangifera indica seed kernel.
2. To carry out the anti- nutritional composition of the seed kernel.
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