ENEMS MICROSYSTEMS RESEARCH SPOT: MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS

Showing posts with label MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS. Show all posts

Wednesday 15 March 2023

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF VITAL REGISTRATION EXERCISE IN FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY ABUJA

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF VITAL REGISTRATION EXERCISE IN FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY ABUJA

(A Case Study of National Population Commission Abuja)

ABSTRACT

This project work is a complete courage of the Statistical Analysis on Vital Registration of Registered Birth and Death of Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC), Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, for the period of ten (10) years (2003-2012). The method of data collection used is documentary method to bring to light the important of checking the trend of birth and death data collected from the said hospital was analyzed using time series . From the analysis of the result, it was discovered that there was an increase in the registered of birth. The trend shows and upward movement estimating from the time series analysis. This means that the number of birth is on the increase. If birth will be well kept for planning purpose. It was also observed that 2020 will have the highest registered birth worth 88195.62 and death with 25183.38 registered respectively. Recommendation was made base on the result of the analysis. It becomes pertinent to register live and death to help in knowing the population.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Vital registration was often preceded by parochial registration of baptism, burial and marriage. The oldest systems of vital registration are found in Scandinavian countries: Finland started in 1628 and Denmark in 1686 respectively.

In England and Wales parochial registration of baptism and burials began as early as 1638. John Graunt, who is generally considered as father of modern demography, utilized these data in his work.

In other European countries, vital registration was gradually introduced throughout the nineteenth century and has started in most areas by the beginning of the twentieth century.

In Russia, vital registration was hands of the celesiatical authorities before the revolution and was only transferred to the civil power afterwards.

A registration was hands built up and by 1926, it was working with reasonable efficiency in Russia. It was gradually been extended to cover the rest of the Soviet Union.

Japan, the most industrialized and developed country of Asia, introduced a modern registration law in 1898 although household register had been kept before that date. An adequate description of the basic demography processes of population charge is information that concerns stock and flows. Flows which are events notable births and deaths, occurring to, or originating from the population during some specified time period such as a calendar year and there by changing its size competition and geographical distribution.

Vital registration system must include procedure to assure filling of a uniform record for vital event, for example live birth, death, still birth, or marriage, to provide record for complete and usable answer to the inquires on the record form; and to enable the information in the record form to be processed for statistical purpose, that is edited, coded tabulated, and presented through the national population commission which provides vital statistics for the nation.

Vital statistics system therefore, can be defined as unclosing the legal registration, statistical recording and reporting of the occurrence and collection, compilation, analysis presentation and distribution of statistics pertaining to vital events which in turn include the following principal vital: live, birth, death, feature death, marriage, divorces, and other vital events such as: adoptions, legitimations, annulment and legal separations.

The interest of the public in population problems has intensified by the recognition of the effects of continued population growth.

The universal high birth rates which effects socio-economic progress of Abuja, the rate at which infants died is on increase which needed to be looked into and what really might have been the cause of this infant mortality.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Vital registration which is a legal obligation have not been embraced with regards to its importance in the society, this is because there is a general ignorance about the need of vital registration.

The researcher wants to find out whether the birth is on the increase or decrease.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To determine the trend movement.
To find out whether the birth rate is on the increase or decrease.
To enlighten the general public on the importance of vital registration exercise in FCT Abuja.
The effect of population in the society

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is important to:

Enable the federal government to observe the rate of population change in Abuja
Enable the federal government put into consideration the rate of mortality and fertility
Give a reliable measure on instrument needed to ensure sanitary condition within Abuja.
Encourage individuals (couples) on the importance of income expenditure in other to provide babies with nutrition’s sanitary died that prevents.

1.5 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study covers Abuja municipal area council (AMAC) in the federal capital territory Abuja. National population commission is selected as sample among others statistical agencies in the area, it is believe that statistics has shown it clear that the selected area has witnessed great changes in the issues of live birth and death documentary of the year analysis of the projects.

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The following problems were encountered during the research work.

Financial problems: Raising fund for transportation is a difficult task.

As a result of lack of trained personnel, collection of data is also very tedious because there were no much people to discharge their duty effectively in planning facts to people who needed their services.

Detected information were not available as at the time of visit to the center.

1.7 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

This is the process used in statistics to ascertain whether an assumption will be accepted or not. The hypothesis used in carrying out this research is

H_o: Vital registration exercise is necessary to observe the rate of population change in FCT Abuja.

H_i: Vital registration exercise is not necessary to observe the rate of population change in FCT Abuja.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

MORTALITY-: Is a permanent disappearance of all evidence of live at any time after live has taken place.

FERTILITY -: Refers to the number of children born to women. This typically reserved productivity performance.

FERCUNDITY -: This is a term used to describe the ability for a woman to bear children

COHORT-: This is a measure of fertility that is design to follow the fertility of group of women though the child bearing year of life.

AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE-: Is the number of birth occurring annually per 1000 women of a specific age.

GENERAL FERTILITY RATE-: This is the total number of birth in a year divided by number of women in the child bearing age (15-14 years)

CRUDE BIRTH RATE (C.B.R): Is the number of live birth in a year divided by the total population express per 1000.

CHILD WOMAN RATIO -: This is measured by the ratio of young children age (0-14) enumerated in the census to the number of women child bearing ages.

TOTAL FERTILITY RATE -: Is technically a cohort measure at is the sun of all the ASPR’S through all ages.

GROSS REPRODUCTION RATE-: The multiplication of the TRF by the proportion of the birth that are girls.

NER REPRODUCTION RATE -: The (NRR) represents the number of females child just born can expect to bear, taking into account her risk of dying before the end of the reproduction in years.

CRUDE DEATH RATE-: (CDR) is the total number of death in a year divided by the total population express per 1000.

DEGENERATION -: it refers to the biological deterioration of a body

LIVE SPAN -: Refers to how long a person can possible live

AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE -: Is measure as the number of death in year of people of particular age divided by the number of people of that age in the population.

LATE FOETAL MORTALITY -: This refers to the foetal death that occurs after 28 weeks of gestation.

NEONATION MORTALITY -: This refers to the death within in 28 days after birth.

INFANT MORTALITY-: This is the number of death during the first year of live per 1000 live births.

CAOLE’S INDEX OF FERTILITY-: The over all index of fertility is the product of portion of the female population that is married times the index of marital fertility.

PERINATAL MORTALITY -: It include late foetal deaths plus death with the first 7 days after birth

POST NEONAL MORTALITY -: It cover death from 28 days to one year after birth.

LIFE TABLE -: The life table is a somewhat complex statistical device for summarizing the mortality experience of the population.

POPULATION -: Population is seen as the total number of variable of items of interest for the researcher is plotting into consideration. The Abuja municipal areas council (AMAC) has it population.SAMPLE SIZE -: Sample is the subset of little portion of population chosen to use National Population Commission as a place to collect data and General Hospitals.

Tuesday 28 February 2023

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE IN O’LEVEL MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS IN AHMADIYA COMMUNITY SECONDARY SCHOOL ONDA, NASARAWA LGA, FROM 2010-2020

ABSTRACT

This research work is titled statistical analysis of student’s performance in O’ Level Mathematics and Physics in Ahmadiya Community Secondary School Onda, Nasarawa L.G.A, from 2010-2020. It is aimed at determining the relationship between the students’ performance in physics and mathematics at O’ Level. Time series was employed and findings show that there is increase in the number of students that passed both physics and mathematics. Implying that the number of students that passed both mathematics and physics at O’Level in the period considered are more than those who failed both subjects which may be attributed to the adequate teaching facilities and interest in the part of the students. With the help of correlation analysis, it was observed that the relationship between both subjects (mathematics and physics) is positive and weak. The following recommendations were however made, that there should be periodic seminars and workshops to improve teachers’ capability and adequacy and more so encourage the students with the necessary assistance.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Physical is a universal subject. It is used all over the world by its users for easy use of our everyday life and environmental studies and for more effectively in technology.

Mathematics on the other hand is the science of structure, Order and relation that has evolve through elemental practices of counting, measuring and describing of objects. It deals with logical reasoning and quantitative calculation. Its development as involve in an ever increasing degree of idealizations and abstraction. Mathematics is traditionally categorized under the following branches; arithmetic, algebra, analysis, combinations, Euclidean geometry, game theory, number theory, number analysis, optimization, probability, set theory, statistics and trigonometry. Perhaps, the most basic notation in mathematics is the equation, a formal statement that two sides of a mathematical expression are equal (as in the equation 2x – 3=13) and that both side of the equation can be simultaneously manipulated by adding, subtracting, dividing, taking root etc in order to solve the equation.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The result of student in the senior school certificate examination (SSCE) has been a concern to the parents, the students, the teachers and even the government.
This student performances in O’ level usually occurred in physics and mathematics, for the science students which are one of the basics requirement needed by O’ level student for further learning.
In Nigeria today, the education sector needs to be amend, since sector is not preparing today’s students with necessary skills to become engineer, lawyers, scientists etc. schools, parents as well as government needs to find possible ways through research to improve student method of learning and provide students with rich experiences In physics, mathematics as well as other school subject as the students progress through the school system.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To determine the relationship between students’ performance in physics and mathematics at O’ level.
To fit a trend line.
To forecast the performances of students in physics and mathematics.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study of physics and mathematics will help Ahmadiya Community Secondary School Nasarawa, Nasarawa state government as well the government of the federation to known the performance of the student in physics and mathematics at O’ level. The study wills the student, their parents and their teachers to know the previous performance of the past student in order to plan well for their success. The study will also help to provide ways of improving student’s performance in physics and mathematics as well as other subject based on the facts findings.

1.5 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The area covered by this research work is Government Science Secondary School Nasarawa, Local Government Council and the period to be considered will be 2002 to 2014.

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research work will be limited to the study area because of time constraint and inadequate resources to go and collect data from other secondary school the state.

1.7 RESEARCH QUESTION

The study examined the following questions for the selected group of student in Ahmadiya Community Secondary School Nasarawa, students meeting the study criteria were examined in terms of the following research questions.

What is the relationship between student’s achievement in the both Physics and Mathematics senior school certificate examination (SSCE) and the level of instructional funding per students?
What is the relationship between student performance in physics and mathematics on the SSCE and the average years of the teacher’s experience?
What is the relationship between student’s achievement in physics and mathematics in O’ level and the attendance rate of teacher’s experience?

HYPOTHESIS

The hypothesis below was tested based on students’ performance in O’ level physics and mathematics.

H_O: There is no statistically significant relationship between student performance in physics and mathematics at O’ level

H₁: There is statistically significant relationship between student performance in physics and mathematics at O’ level

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

PERFORMANCE: the action or achievement of study considered in relation to how successful it is to student in secondary school.

O’LEVEL ordinary level of student s compare a level called S.S.C.E.

S.S.EC.E: Senior School Certificate Examination

STUDENT: A person who is studying at a school, especially a secondary school.

RESULT: The mark/grade student gets in an examination or in a number of examination.

Friday 31 December 2021

ANALYSIS ON QUEUING PROBLEMS AT UNITED BANK FOR AFRICA (UBA) ATM SYSTEM IN NASARAWA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, NASARAWA STATE

ABSTRACT

This research work “Analysis on Queuing Problems at United Bank for Africa (UBA) ATM Systemin Nasarawa Local Government Area, Nasarawa State” was carried out to determine the expected time a particular customer is to spend in the bank for transaction. The data for the research was collected using observatory method, and was analyzed using; Multi-Channel queuing model. It was found that 44 customers arrives the bank every 1 hour and the time interval between each arrival is 1 minute; on arrival the customer is expected to spend 54 minutes in line waiting for service and use 4 minutes to receive service, in total, the customer is to spend 58 minutes in the bank to complete his/her transaction. To address the problem of waiting time,the management should make provision for banking facilities and bank administrators to address gaps in human resources, logistics and other internal procedures aimed at reducing waiting times and thus ensuring an effective banking delivery system which often lead to increase performance.The management should adopt a five ATM model to reduce waiting time at the ATMS during peak periods in other to increase customer satisfaction. The efficiency of the present ATMs should also be increased.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Time is a major determinant of individual or organizational success and/or failure. An effective usage of time will most likely lead to success, while time abuse or mismanagement will inevitably lead to delay in service, loss of income and consequently, business failure. Man has evolved into a time conscious being, bearing in mind that he has limited period to accomplished goals that are incremental in nature. In this modern era our daily life is encompassed by routines such as driving the kids to school, keeping the garden, shopping, fixing of furniture, banking, cooking and regular exercise, which demand effective usage of time. An attempt to over stay or spend much time in one of such activities will lead to a delay or failure to accomplish the other. Inherently, customers have developed the sense of getting results and replies on demand, such that they can move to the next scheduled activity without delay.

Unavoidably, all the sectors; agriculture, media, transport, oil and gas and mining among others in the country, depend directly or indirectly on the banking sector. For instance, an agriculturist who wants to import fertilizer from India will have to use the bank for financial transaction. If there is delay in the transaction, the delivery of fertilizer may also be delayed.

Customers arrive banking halls and ATMs in a random pattern, which frequently requires joining a queue, when the arrival rate is more than the service rate, they will have to wait till it is their turn for service; although, there are exceptions where high priority customers are attended to, irrespective of their time of arrival. Queuing is pleasant or endurable when the waiting time is small, but when queues become crowded and stagnant; agitation, discomfort and quarrels, even robbery, often breakout.

According to Cowling and Newman (1995), service quality has been widely used to evaluate the performance of banking services. Nowadays, with the development of information technology, customers increasingly expect higher services. At the same time, most of them are becoming more time conscious and wanting more convenience. In a country where customers queue in filling stations, restaurants, saloons, bus stops and banks, they are always on the look for a better alternative where they can spend less time to get the service they desire. However, queuing becomes an unavoidable bottleneck, when customers are faced with service alternatives that are synonymous with choosing between the deep blue sea and the devil.A queuing process consists of customers arriving at service facilities, then waiting in a line (queue) if all servers are busy, eventually receiving service, and finally departing from the facility. Thus, a queuing system is a set of customers, a set of servers, and an order whereby customers arrive and are served.

A common slogan in the U.S Army is “Hurry up and wait”. In many occasions in life, we had had to queue up, because of congestion i.e. the demand of customers on a particular facility is beyond what it could cope with. Many practical applications of queuing problems are encountered in Traffic flow, scheduling and facility design, employee allocation and telephone.

The common experience in Nigeria is that most banks do not have the facilities and capacities to service the number of customers without much delay on the part of the customers. The problem in this regard had been that though bank customers for instance, have always been desirous of spending the least possible time in banking transactions, this age-long desire is yet to be met by the banks. Banks on the other hand, want to attract, retain customers and at the same time optimize profit. Profit making in banks is a function of management ability to provide efficient services to customers at little or no time wastage (Agbadudu, 1995).

To curb the menace and epidemic of queuing that has plagued its banking system, in the recent past, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) had initiated and implemented initiatives and policies varying from the liquidation of banks to the cashless policy which includes e-banking, mobile banking and the use of automated teller machines (ATMs). Punch Newspaper (2012) reported that 60,000 Nigerians depend on one ATM, whereas the ideal number is 15,000 people to one ATM.

In Nasarawa local government area of Nasarawa state, the situation is not different. Its population which includes; farmers, teachers and lecturers, traders, business men and women, and a large proportion of polytechnic students also face the menace of poor service delivery at ATMs as a result of queuing. At UBA Plc. customers are seen sweating profusely from heat and long hours of standing in the queue to use the ATM. Poor network, insufficient and inefficient ATMs are some of the perceived causes of these queues. Furthermore, the queues in UBA Plc. can also be attributed to unavailability of banks to meet the demand of the increasingly Nasarawa population. The problem of queuing in the banking system of Nasarawa, has however not been clearly understand.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The obvious cost implications of customers waiting, ranges from idle time spent when queue builds up, which results in man-hour loss, to loss of goodwill, which may occur when customers are dissatisfied with a system. However, a number of customers go to bank hoping to complete a transaction within a particular period of time and return to some other activity but eventually spend unimaginable long time waiting to be served; however, what is the expected time a particular customer is to spend in the bank? The focus of this research work therefore is to carry out an analysis of queuing problems with interest to answer the above question using UBA ATM services in Nasarawa LGA.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 AIM

The aim of this research project is to examine queuing problems at United Bank for Africa (UBA) ATM system in Nasarawa, Nasarawa state.

1.3.2 OBJECTIVES

The specific objectives of this research work are to estimate:

Traffic intensity.
The possibility that a customer will have to wait for service.
The mean time a customer is to spend in the ATM system.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

At the end of this research work, the researcher intends that it provides valuable information on queuing system and customer satisfaction to banks, bank customers, financial policy makers and the society at large; thereby prompting actions toward a better customer service experience.

This research can help bank ATM to increase its QoS (Quality of Service), by anticipating, if there are many customers in the queue.
The result of this paper work may become the reference to analyse the current system and improve the next system.
Banks can now estimate the number of customers waiting in the queue and the number of customers going away each day.

1.5 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is limited to only one commercial bank in Nasarawa local government area; United Bank for Africa (UBA) plc. Makama road, Nasarawa, Nasarawa state.

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Some of the challenges faced at the cause of this work are;

The research was conducted within limited time
Unavailability of finance
Gathering of data through observation was time consuming and labour intensive.
There is a room for systematic bias on the part of the researcher as he collects the data.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Queue: a collection of items in which only the earliest added item may be accessed. It is line feeding a number of servers.

Server: an operation fed by a queue

Utilization: a measure of how busy the system is.

ATM: Automated Teller Machine

KPMG:Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler

APPLICATION OF QUEUING MODEL IN IMPROVING SERVICE DELIVERY IN UNITED BANK FOR AFRICA PLC MAIN BRANCH, GARKI ABUJA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

According to Cowling and Newman (1995), service quality has been widely used to evaluate the performance of banking services. Nowadays, with the development of information technology, customers increasingly expect higher services. At the same time, most of them are becoming more time conscious and wanting more convenience. In a country where customers queue in filling stations, restaurants, saloons, bus stops and banks, they are always on the look for a better alternative where they can spend less time to get the service they desire. However, queuing becomes an unavoidable bottleneck, when customers are faced with service alternatives that are synonymous with choosing between the deep blue sea and the devil. A queuing process consists of customers arriving at service facilities, then waiting in a line (queue) if all servers are busy, eventually receiving service, and finally departing from the facility. Thus, a queuing system is a set of customers, a set of servers, and an order whereby customers arrive and are served.

In United Bank For Africa Plc Main Branch, Garki Abuja, the situation is not different. Its population which includes; farmers, teachers and lecturers, traders, business men and women, and a large proportion students also face the menace of poor service delivery at ATMs as a result of queuing. At UBA Plc. customers are seen sweating profusely from heat and long hours of standing in the queue to use the ATM. Poor network, insufficient and inefficient ATMs are some of the perceived causes of these queues. Furthermore, the queues in UBA Plc. can also be attributed to unavailability of banks to meet the demand of the increasingly population. It against this background that this study seeks to examine the application of queuing model in improving service delivery in United Bank For Africa Plc Main Branch, Garki Abuja.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The obvious cost implications of customers waiting, ranges from idle time spent when queue builds up, which results in man-hour loss, to loss of goodwill, which may occur when customers are dissatisfied with a system. However, a number of customers go to bank hoping to complete a transaction within a particular period of time and return to some other activity but eventually spend unimaginable long time waiting to be served; however, what is the expected time a particular customer is to spend in the bank? The focus of this research work therefore is to carry out to examine the application of queuing model in improving service delivery in United Bank For Africa Plc Main Branch, Garki Abuja.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 AIM

The aim of this research is to examine the application of queuing model in improving service delivery in United Bank For Africa Plc Main Branch, Garki Abuja.

1.3.2 OBJECTIVES

The specific objectives of this research work are to estimate:

Traffic intensity in the bank.
The possibility that a customer will have to wait for service.
The mean time a customer is to spend in the ATM system.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research can help bank ATM to increase its QoS (Quality of Service), by anticipating, if there are many customers in the queue.
The result of this paper work may become the reference to analyse the current system and improve the next system.
Banks can now estimate the number of customers waiting in the queue and the number of customers going away each day.

1.5 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is limited to only one commercial bank that is United Bank For Africa Plc Main Branch, Garki Abuja.

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Some of the challenges faced at the cause of this work are;

The research was conducted within limited time
Unavailability of finance
Gathering of data through observation was time consuming and labour intensive.
There is a room for systematic bias on the part of the researcher as he collects the data.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Queue: a collection of items in which only the earliest added item may be accessed. It is line feeding a number of servers.

Service delivery: Service delivery can be defined as any contact with the public administration during which customers – citizens, residents or enterprises – seek or provide data, handle their affairs or fulfill their duties.

Server: an operation fed by a queue

Utilization: a measure of how busy the system is.

ATM: Automated Teller Machine

Tuesday 28 December 2021

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON REPORTED CASES OF CHILD ABUSE IN FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY ( FCT), ABUJA FROM 2009 – 2019

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON REPORTED CASES OF CHILD ABUSE IN FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY (FCT), ABUJA FROM 2009 – 2019

ABSTRACT

The research work is focus on the statistical analysis of the reported cases of child abuse in Fct Abuja from 2009-2019. The method used in collecting data for this project is secondary method (documentary). The data was collected from the National Agency for Prohibition of Trafficking in persons and other related matters (NAPTIP). The statistical tools the researcher used for the analysis are Time series (Least square method) and Correlation (Karl Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient). To determine the relationship and trend between the reported cases and rescued cases of child abuse. From the result we can conclude there is significant relationship between the reported cases and rescued cases of child abuse also the trend analysis shows that there is an increase in the reported cases of child abuse. It is therefore recommended that the agency deploy trained personnel who have acquired reasonable and adequate knowledge in the field to investigate and look into the report.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Child abuse has for a long time been recorded in literature, art and science in many parts of the world. Reports of infanticide, mutilation, abandonment and other forms of violence against children date back to ancient civilizations. The historical record is also filled with reports of unkempt, weak and malnourished children cast out by families to fend for themselves and children who have been sexually abused. For a long time also there have existed charitable groups and other concerned with children’s wellbeing who have advocated the protection of children. Nevertheless, the issue did not receive widespread attention by the medical profession or the general public until 1962, with the publication of seminal work, the battered child syndrome, by Kempe CH et la 1962 the battered child syndrome. The term “battered child syndrome” was coined to characterize the clinical manifestations of serious physical abuse in young children [Kempe CH et la 1962]. Now, four decades later, there is clear evidence that child abuse is a global problem. It occurs in variety of forms and is deeply rooted in cultural, economic and social practices. Solving this global problem, however, requires a much better understanding of its occurrence in the range of settings as well as of its causes and consequences in these settings.

Child sexual abuse is defined in various ways, making it challenging to generalize about its prevalence in a society and its effect on children, teens and families. Many professional defines sexual abuse broadly to include both direct genital contact and indirect interactions such as ‘exposure’ or internet –based activity (for example, the sending of electronic sexual images to minors). It has been suggested that many victims continue to perceive sexual abuse as a private matter and most do not disclose their victimization to any formal source. Given that only a small proportion of sexual offences are formally documented, the prevalence of sexual abuse has been difficult to quantify.

According to the American sexual abuse report in 2004, more than half of sexual abuse incidents occurred in a commercial or institutional establishment, followed by a residence or surrounding location, a street or other public place, or in another location. The location of the incident varied with the specific offence type. More than half (56%) of sexual abuse occurred in and around a residence; whereas, over half (57%) of incidents of unwanted sexual touching occurred in commercial establishment. Police –reported data indicated that 68% of aggravated sexual abuse occurred in or around a residence, compared to 65% of the less serious offence level of sexual assaults, females and youth were at particular risk.

In 1986 it was reported that children of elementary schools (aged 6-12 years) and adolescent girls (13-19 years) in Benin-city were the major victims of sexual abuse, with 48.2% of reported cases over a 3 year period occurring in children below 13 years old.

And also reported some baseline findings from community based projects on the incidence of child sexual abuse in two Nigerian urban centers. About 38% and 28% of female and male respondents respectively reported being initiated to sex before the age of 18 years old. These findings, among others things, point to frightening dimensions child sexual abuse may be assuming in Nigeria. Evaluation of prevalence and pattern of sexual abuse among children is a very vital issue often under reported in pediatrics and its importance cannot be downplayed especially its impact on health which include post-truamatic symptoms, precocious sexualization , depression, anxiety, stigmatization, guilt, fear, sexual dysfunction, dissociative symptoms, eating disorders, substance abuse, prostitution, regression behaviors such as a return to thumb-sucking or bed-wetting, and academic and behavioral problems.

Adolescence is defined as the age group of 10-19 years and characterized by rapid changes in the physical, biological, and hormonal characters of the individual resulting into his/her psychological, behavioral and sexual maturation [UNPF 2013].

In the year 2009, there were 1.2 billion adolescents in the world and a vast majority of these, around 88%, lives in the developing nations. India accounts for the largest national population of adolescents, 243 million, in the world [UNDESA, 2008].

In 1999, the World Health Organization Consultation on Child Abuse Prevention defined child abuse maltreatment as ‘all forms of physical and /or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power’ [RCCAP, 1999].

Child abuse is a violation of basic human rights. According to WHO, in the year 2000, there were an estimated 57000 deaths attributed to homicide among children aged less than 15. But ironically, a large number of child’s death are not routinely investigated and hence the real figures about numbers of fatalities due to child abuse and neglect are also questionable with regards to completeness and usefulness come in wake of the fact that many countries, there are no legal record, search for and eventually respond to child maltreatment [Bross DC, 2000].

In addition, there is profoundly diverse cultural understanding and equally variable legal definition of child abuse and neglect between countries [Theodore AD, Runyan DK. A medical research agenda for child maltreatment: negotiating the next steps.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

All forms of abuse and neglects have a harmful effect on children and young people. Below is an outline of some of the most common effects;

Emotional scars: Children who suffer abuse or neglects feel most of the pain on them inside. Many children suffer low self-esteem and feelings of guilt, often blaming themselves for the abuse. Children often have feelings of hopelessness, hate, despair, misery, and rage, sometimes talking about feeling suicidal or self-harm.

What could be the trend of cases of child abuse in FCT Abuja?

What could be the relationship between the reported cases and rescued cases of child abuse FCT Abuja?

1.3AIM AND OBJECTIVES

Aim

To carry out statistical analysis on reported cases of child abuse in FCT Abuja from 2009-2019

Objectives

The specific objectives of this research are;

To determine the trend movement of the cases of child abuse
To predict i.e forecast for the future occurrence of child abuse in FCT Abuja
To determine the level of relationship between reported cases and rescued case of child abuse.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research work is relevant in several ways to individuals, government and health personnel also it will propel measures for preventing child abuse. This study will enlighten people on the risk of child abuse. It is also worth of note to mention that this research work will be of great help to medical practitioners and the government at various levels.

1.5 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research covers all the reported cases of child abuse in Nigeria (National Agency for the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons and other Related Matters NAPTIP).

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

It is not easy to undertake a research work in a field of human endeavor, mine is not an exception, the limitation of the study is mostly the difficulty encounter during the process of data collection. The data used is transcription from figure (secondary data) and as much an error might have been committed.

1.7 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

To achieve the target, aim and objectives of this research work, the research formulated the hypothesis as stated below;

H₀: there is no significant relationship between the reported cases and rescued cases of child abuse from 2009-2019

H_I: there is significant relationship between the reported cases and rescued cases of child abuse from 2009-2019

1.8 DEFINITON OF TERMS

Adolescence: is defined as the age group of 10- 19 years and is characterized by rapid changes in the physical, biological, and hormonal characters of the individuals resulting into his/her psychological, behavioral and sexual maturation.

Epidemic Disease: refer to the acute break of disease that display a sudden increase, within a given geographical area or community.

Prevalence: the ratio of the number of occurrences of a disease or event to the number of units at risk in the population.