ENEMS MICROSYSTEMS RESEARCH SPOT: March 01

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Wednesday, 1 March 2023

THE EFFECT OF PLASMA DIETARY CONTROL OF AKALINE PHOSPHATASE AND PROTEIN LEVEL IN RATS

THE EFFECT OF PLASMA DIETARY CONTROL OF AKALINE PHOSPHATASE AND PROTEIN LEVEL IN RATS

ABSTRACT

This project research estimated the effect of Acid-base diet on plasma concentration (Alkaline Phosphatase and total protein level) in rat. The rats were induced with acidosis and alkalosis by supplementation of their diets. The level of Alkaline phosphatase and total protein were determined using colorimetric method and selectra-proS automated machine respectively, the results obtained for the ALP from the Acidotic groups were 334.7 ± 5.91, 294.2 ± 3.57, 436.2 ± 16.10 and those induced alkalosis were 209 ± 2.50, 162.1 ± 3.04 and 302.8 ± 2.80 and that of a control group is 198.7 ± 1.37 all measured in iu/L. the result of total protein obtained are 7.51 ± 0.17, 6.87 ± 0.25 and 6.47 ± 0.15 for the group induced acidosis and 6.43 ± 0.17, 7.76 ± 0.17 all measured in g/dL for the control group. The ALP level of the group supplemented with acidifying agent increases above normal level when compared to the normal range. And the group supplemented with alkalizing agent increases too but the values are within the normal range (60 – 270 ui/L ). The total protein level in groups induced with acidosis compared to control shows no significant difference (p>0.05) and so also the group induced with alkalosis but all the value are within the normal range (6.0-8.0g/dL). Therefore composition of diet can strongly affect acid and base balance thereby elevating ALP level in plasma and does not significantly affect total protein level.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

Life on earth depends on appropriate pH levels in and around living organism and cells. Human life requires a lightly controlled pH level in the serum of about 7.4 (a slightly alkaline range of 7.35 to 7.45 to survive (Waugh et al 2007).

As comparism, in the past 100 years with increasing industrialization; the pH of the ocean was dropped from 8.2 to 8.1 because of increase in carbon dioxide deposition. This has a negative compact on life in the ocean as described by (Waugh et al 2007) and (University, Brimingham 2010) and may lead to the collapse of the coral reefs confirmed (Hoegh-Guldberg, et al., 2007). Even the pH of the soil in which plants are grown can have considerable influence on the mineral content of the food we eat (as minerals are used as buffers to maintain pH. The ideal pH of soil for the best overall availability of essential nutrients is between 6 and 7. Acidic soil below pH of 6 may have reduced calcium and magnesium and soil above pH 7 may result to chemically unavailable iron, manganese, copper, zinc. Adding dolomite and manure are ways of raising pH in an acid soil environment when the pH is below 6 (Dam-ampai, et al., 2005).

When it comes to the pH and not acid load in the human diet, there has been considerable change from the hunter-gather civilization to the present (Strohle, et al., 2010). With agricultural revolution (last 10,000) years and even more recently with industrialization (last 200 years), there has been decrease in Potassium (K) compared to Sodium (Na) and an increase in Chloride compared to bicarbonate found in the diet (Sebastain, et al., 2002).

1.2 Acid and base homeostasis

Acid-Base homeostasis is the part of human of homeostasis concerning the proper balance between acids and bases, also called pH. The body is very sensitive to its pH level, so strong mechanisms exist to maintain it outside the acceptance range of pH, proteins are denature and digested, enzymes lose their ability to function and death may occur (Caroline, et a.,l 2013).

The body’s acid-base balance is normally tightly regulated by buffering agents, the respiratory system and the renal system and the renal system, keeping the arterial blood pH between 7.38 and 7.42 (Medline Plus and Caroline, Nancy 2013).

Several buffering agents that reversibly bind hydrogen ions and impede any change in pH exist. Extracellular buffers include bicarbonate and Ammonia, whereas Proteins and Phosphate act as intercellular buffers, the relationship between multiple buffers in the same solution is described by the Isohydric principle. The bicarbonate buffering system is especially key as carbon dioxide (CO₂) can be shifted through carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) to hydrogen ions and bicarbonate (HCO^–₃) as shown below

H₂O + CO₂ H₂CO₃ H⁺ + HCO^–₃

(Garrett, et al.,2010)

Acid-Base imbalance that overcomes the buffer system can be compensated in the short term by changing the rate of ventilation. This alters the concentration of carbon dioxide in blood, shifting the above reaction according to Le Chatelier’s principle, which in turn alters the pH. For instance, it the blood pH drops too low (acidemia), the body will compensate by increasing breathing (medical encyclopedia metabolic acidosis) thereby expelling CO₂ and shifting the above reaction to the left such that fewer hydrogen ions are free, thus the pH will rise back to normal for alkaline, the opposite occurs. (Waugh, et a.,l 2007).

The kidneys are shower to compensate, but renal physiology has several powerful mechanisms to control pH by the excretion of excess acid or base. In response to acidosis, tubular cells reabsorb more bicarbonate from the tabular fluid, collecting duct cells secret more hydrogen and generate more bicarbonate, and Ammoniagenesis leads to increased formation of the NH₃ buffer. In responses to alkalosis, the kidney may excrete more bicarbonate by decreasing hydrogen ion secretion from the tabular epithelical cells, and lowering rate of glutamine metabolism and ammonia excretion (caroline,et al.,2013).

1.3 Acid – base imbalance

Acid – base imbalance occurs when a significant result causes the blood pH to shift out of the normal range (7.35 – 7.45). in fetus, the normal range differs based on which umbilical vessel is sampled (Umbilical vein pH is normally 7.25 – 7.45; umbilical artery pH is normally (7.18 – 7.38) an excess of acid in the blood is called alkaline or base in the blood is called alkalemia. The process that causes the imbalance is classified based on the etiology of the disturbance (respiratory or alkalosis). These are four basic processes. Metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis, metabolic alkalosis and respiratory alkalosis one or a combination may occur at any given time (Yeomans et al., 1985).

1.4 History

The role of the diet and its influence on the acidity of urine has been studied for decades, as physiologists have studied the kidney’s role in the body as regulatory mechanisms for controlling the acidity of body fluids. The French biologist Claude Bernard provided the classical observation of this effect when he found that changing the diet of rabbits from an herbivore (mainly plant) diet to a carnivore (mainly meat) diet changed the urine from more alkaline to more acid. Spurred by these observations, subsequent investigations focused on the chemical properties and acidity of constituents of the remains of foods combusted in a bomb calorimeter, described as ash the “dietary ash hypothesis” proposed that these foods, when metabolized, would leave a similar “acid ash” or “alkaline ash” in the body as those oxidized in combustion (Dwyer , et al., 1985).

Nutrition scientists began to refine this hypothesis in the early 20^th century, emphasizing the role of negatively charged particles (anions) in food. Diets high in chloride, phosphates and sulfates (all of which are anions) were presumed to be acid forming while diets high in potassium, calcium and magnesium (all of which are cations) were presumed to be alkaline forming. Other investigations showed specific foods, such as cranberries, prunes and plums had unusual effects on urine pH. While these foods provided an alkaline ash in the laboratory, they contained a weak organic acid, hippuric acid, which caused the urine to become more acidic instead (Dwyer, 2008).

1.5 Aim and objectives

Aim

This study is aimed at determining the effect of dietary management on the blood pH in albino wistar rat.

Objectives of the study

To determine the effect of diet (Alkaline-acid) on alkaline phosphatase.
To determine the effect of acid-base diet on total protein level.

1.6 Statement of problem

Diet and its effect on blood pH is an important public health challenge worldwide. Most people in the world have little or non-dietary life style without knowing the health implication, an alkaline diet also known as the alkaline ash diet, (alkaline acid diet, acid ash diet and the acid alkaline diet). Describe a group of loosely related diets on the belief that certain foods eaten can affect the acidity and pH of bodily fluids including the urine or blood, the diet and acid-base homeostasis, or the regulation of acid-base status of the body has been studied for decades, though the medical application of this hypothesis have largely focused on changing the acidity of urine, traditionally. This diet has advocated for avoiding meat, poultry, cheese, and grains in order to make urine more alkaline to prevent urinary tracts infections and kidney stones (nephrolithiasis). Acid ash has been considered as a risk factor for osteoporosis (Vangsness, et a.,l 2014).

Various risk factors that have been implicated in etiology (study of causation or origination) of blood pH is nutritional factor, poor nutritional lifestyle can cause accumulation of acid or alkaline in the blood which leads to acidemia or alkalemia respectively and also can leads to other health illness or problem, in this study, will show how diet affects the body homeostasis or blood pH, which may leads to increase or decrease in ALP and total serum protein thereby causing the body buffering system to over work itself which may cause the body system to illness health or certain diseases and causing an imbalance of the body fluids.

1.7 Scope of study

The study described in this project deal with toxicological implications of diet in blood pH in rat in other word looking into dietary modulation of the acid-base balance in rat. For this purpose the effects of a dietary load of acid or base induced changes is considered in this study and the effect of disturbances in the acid-base balance on plasma parameter routinely used in toxicity studies, to fill in this gap in knowledge, short and long-term toxicity studies were performed in rat feel with acidifying and alkalizing diets. And how these diet causes plasma parameters such as alkaline phosphate and total protein normality or abnormality in the blood.

1.8 Significance of study

The study of dietary management is very important in the sense that it enables one to identify the effect of acid-base forming diets on physiological pH, since many foods are alkaline-producing or neutral in nature but manufactured, processed foods are mostly acid producing, in other to maintain good health what one eat matters too, the body maintain correct pH in the blood at all cost by homeostasis but that is stressful for the body’s system and resources when diet is imbalance in terms of acid forming foods. These changes in alkalinity or acidity are caused by diet and lifestyle.

1.9 Limitation of the study

In carrying out this research, the researcher encountered some challenges. Urine pH, autopsy of the brain and NH₄⁺ concentration was supposed to be achieved but due to the problem encountered the researcher failed to achieve this. Some of the constraints encountered in the course of carrying out this research include;

Lack of adequate finance
Time constraints
Inadequate materials in the library
Also the epileptic power supply and
Inconsistent availability of network posed problem. But the researcher was to gather enough material to justify the validity of the research.

THE EFFECT OF ENHANCING CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION IN PRIVATE SECTOR

THE EFFECT OF ENHANCING CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION IN PRIVATE SECTOR

(A case study of El-Shaddai Ventures and General Services Ltd)

ABSTRACT

This research is on effect of enhancing customers satisfaction in private sectors. This study sought to know how eager various private sectors and also how the quality of their service to humanity can be improved to meet to meet world standard. The purpose of this study is to enable the management of private sectors know the effectiveness of well restructured firm that are generally acceptable as such world standard motivate customers to patronize business venture of this kind because of some incentives and comfort they enjoy. More so this research is interested in knowing why some customers, who were deriving satisfaction from the goods and services of a certain company desire are no longer patronizing these company again.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The need to access the performance of private sector arises in order to monitor the growth of the business. This is because the aim of a business is to make profit and if any company that is doing very well before is no longer meeting up with the demand and requirement of the customers, then there must be some certain factors that are responsible for such inability of the company to maintain their customers as usual. It is a common factor in Nigeria that a newly opened company that is expected to serve the masses with their products and service the masses with their products and services do not last before they close due to some ridiculous factors. These factors are classified into two they are internal and external factors.

Internal factors can be analyzed to be the strength and weakness of the firm. When talking about strength, the researcher means that factors that gives the organization certain advantage through competency of the organization in meeting the needs of the consumer. In any analysis, company strength should be market-oriented or customer focused because strengths are only meaningful when they support or assist the firm to meet the customers’ needs. In the other hand, weaknesses refer to any limitation a company face in developing or implementing a strategy. Weakness focuses on the factor or inability of the company that brings disadvantages in meeting the needs of the customer. Weakness should be examined from customers’ perspective because customers often perceive weaknesses that a company cannot see.

The following analysis are used to look at all internal factors that affect company.

Resources: Profitability, sales, product, quality, brand associations existing overall brand and employee capability.
Capability: Goal to identify internal strategic strengths, the external factor analysis examine opportunities and threat that exist in the environment. Both opportunity and threat exist independently of the firm. External factor refers to those events that exist in the environment whether the company exists or not.

The researcher want to fetch out some reasons why sector should tie their strength and weakness to the customers’ requirements, as it is this strength that relates to satisfying a customer’s needs that should be considered through core competencies.

In private sector there should be a qualify management system that will ensure settle workforce to improve the current competitive environment, not only retaining customers confident in product but also to have the benefit of efficiency and effectiveness which can come from the qualify management approaches.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The eagerness to improve that quality of goods and service has become imperative, this challenging and dynamic world due to the rapid development in technology globally. It is no longer advisable to keep to the old method of management system because it does not help in the development of an organization again compared to what is obtainable in other companies across the world where it is being operates. Customer satisfaction as a case study goes a long way to ventilate every aspect of business provided the business need customer for survival. The management of the organization should be all it takes to satisfy their customer if need be for constant patronage.

There are so many benefits to be derived from satisfying customer profit made form the goods and services most at times ploughed back into the business which improves the standard of products and services of an organization, profits are also used for the maintenance of machines for production and rendering of services to the customer. It also serves as basic source of income to the director of the company. Good quality service enables customer to derive maximum satisfaction from that product and services of the company, it also encourages them when they know that what they derived worth what they spent.

The improvement of good relationship with customers cannot be overemphasized as it is the customer that is the basic foundation of any business entity.

The researcher of this project wants to build sense of seriousness into the manager of companies in this country to always take the invention of new technology into their business action plans.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Satisfaction has become imperative because of the downward trend in the standard of management process in the private sector.

Many private sector these days feel reluctant over the invention of mew technology that will enhance the resource for customer satisfaction and as a result their companies are gradually being abandoning by customers who go for new companies of the same kind with facilities of new modern technology that meet the demands of customer.

If the private sector should manage their company well by observing every modern change as concerning the nature of business they do and apply it overtimes, no new company with modern facilities will override them.

Base on this, the researcher held an interview with the director of El-shaddai ventures and general services L.t.d and it was gathered that the company had such experience. According to him “someone opened the nature of our business within the environment they came up with new modern technology that is of more advance than ours when lost to them and some whom we have but good relationship with do not patronize them even when we had technical also interrogated some customers concerning the service and the complaint was that most private sectors are not sincere in their dealings with their customers in business and type of act normally jeopardizes the growth and development of company.

The researcher sees it as very vital to write on this topic to help business men, women and organization at large to realize the mistakes that bring negative impact on business.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The researcher wants to create public awareness on successful management that can be observed by baby companies, which will help them operate in line with the customer needs in other to achieve the goal of an organization. E.g.

It is the planning, organizing, co-ordination, controlling of a business system in order to make profit.
Companies expect to buy and sale their basic raw-materials from this environment so that they minimized the cost of their overhead in production.

1.4 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

It was not really easy to embark on this project due to certain impediments encountered in the course of gathering materials to accomplish this project work. The following are some limitations experience in the process:

Time factor: Securing of time to collect data for the process of this project was a great stress due to some surrounding circumstances.
Finance: Was also another problem encountered in the study. Furthermore, the cost of printing duplication and distribution of questionnaire were a bit capital intensive to incur easily.
Source of material: It has been so difficult to get to the source where materials for this profits are available. It really takes precious time, money and patience to be able to get the materials for this compilation. Also another constraint faced in the process of this study are the respondents as most of them find it very difficult to schedule time to fill the questionnaires.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The researcher focuses her findings in certain area of private sector that render computer service like business center, cyber café and alongside with buying and selling of products.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researcher of the project believes that the study area of this project will help private sector to sit up and improve the management system. This study will also help to improve the supervisory roles of entrepreneur by setting up good measures to check mate the operation of the organization intermittently to enhance proper management.

It will also assist the managers to direct the workers in their respective which they know best as to avoid un-satisfaction by the customers.

It will in the same vein enable the management to build good communication system, define and specify clearly to the understanding of the worker who is to do the job.

1.7 RESEARCH QUESTION

The following questions were posed to guide the researcher:

What are your customer resources?
What is the average patronage of customers in your organization?
What do you think when you do it attracts customer to patronize your organization?
What is the rate of customers taste for product in your organization?
What is the complaint some customers mostly gives when they come to your organization.
Do customers find your organization reliable and worth coming often as they can?
What do you think is the impact customer satisfaction has made in your organization.
How do you feel when customer is being offended in your organization and what is your action towards the offender?
How do you feel when customers are not patronizing as usual and what kind of measure do you take to put things in place as to encourage customers.
Have you ever sat down, think and reason why customers are not patronizing your company again whether is due to the normal product seasonal or some ineffectiveness of services and poor quality products.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H_o: Customers satisfaction leads to customer’s loyalty.

H_i: Customers satisfaction does not lead to customers’ loyalty.

THE IMPACT OF MOTIVATION ON WORKERS PERFORMANCE IN PRIVATE SECTORS

THE IMPACT OF MOTIVATION ON WORKERS PERFORMANCE IN PRIVATE SECTORS

(A CASE STUDY OF DANGOTE GROUP OF COMPANIES)

ABSTRACT

This research work tends to examine “The impact of motivation on workers performance on the private sector (A case study of Dangote groups of Companies). To this end the project is divided into five chapters. Chapter once introduce the topic to highlight the background of the study, importance and objectives of this study, state the problem of the study, its significance, made hypothesis and delineate the scope and limitation of the study. Chapter two deals with the background of the case study, concept of the motivation, forms of reward systems, organizational theories, job evaluation and pay, highlight the effect wages and salaries, incentives/remuneration, and fringe benefits. It also gives a review effective motivation and management. Chapter three discusses the design of the study, research population, sample size and techniques, sources of data collection and research instrument used. It also shows the method data analysis and the distribution and collection of questionnaire. Chapter four treats data presentation and analysis, testing of hypothesis and summary of finding. Finally chapter five consider some facts and finally ends with the summary, conclusion, recommendation. Also appropriate recommendations were made as to how to address the “The impact of motivation on workers performance on the private sector using Dangote groups of companies as a case study. This is an intellectual work and like all other intellectual work did not draw a final conclusion.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Almost all organizations irrespective of size have an objective to accomplish within a given period of time. The achievements of these objectives depend largely on the caliber of employees at its disposal. It is imperative for organization to employ the appropriate and highly qualified human resources with corresponding motivational incentives in order to achieve its objectives.

Many business managers today are not aware of the effects that motivation can (and does not) have on their business and its therefore important they learn and understand the factors that determine positive motivation in the work place. The size of your business is irrelevant, whether you are trying to get the best out of fifty off your staff or just one, everyone needs some form of motivation.

Motivation is something that is approached differently by different business and responsibilities of its integration lies with all immediate supervision of staff. However, it is the business owner who must initiate motivation as a strategy to attain job satisfaction.

This research considers the impact of motivation on works of Dangote Group of Companies and the problems associated with the system being used. It is designed to throw more light on the fact that lack of adequate motivation affects productivity, changes in behaviours and employees development.

Motivation is an act of desire, drive or appeal to achieve a particular goal; it may be physiological or psychological. Motivation is a set of attitude and values that predispose a person to act in a specific goal directed name. it is an invisible inner state that energizes human goal which can be divided into two components; firstly, the direction of behaviour (working to attain a goal) and secondly, the strength of the behaviour (how hard or strong an individual will work).

According to the Kedonistic theory of motivation, seeking pleasure and avoiding pains over the basic motives underlying human behaviour. Instance theory suggests that motivation is greatly influenced by physiological inheritance while continue theory argued that motivation is the result of working national choices through the exercise of free will.

Maslow needs (motive) as occurring on several levels, as placed in pyramidal form maintained that the need at the bottom must be satisfied before an individual will progress to the largest level. Physiological motives can be seen in terms of the body effect to maintain take homeostatic internal balance. The existence of need generate a drive to seek out an objective that will satisfy the need. Among the various psychological motives that have been studied, are the drive for curiosity and explanation including the need for attention and interpersonal relationship.

According to Allport (1940), motives sometimes continue to exist well after their original purpose has disappeared. He described such motives as one hidden form one motivated by unconscious motives. All managerial activities described on human reactions, communication, planning, decision-making, direction and motivation etc. must be in place in order to have staff willing to market the required contribution. The ability of managers and supervisors to inspire their subordinate will depend on the degree of motivational policy of the top management.

This is not only because attitudes of top management are usually repeated throughout lower level but also lay the personnel policies decided at the top and also determine the extent to which lower managers can improve relationships with their staff.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

In order to find solutions to undisturbed productivity and reduced workers apathy to work both in the public and private sector, the system of motivation will be examined with the view of highlighting its problem as follows:

Lack of adequate motivation could cause apathy to work?
Inadequate training and development leads to poor productivity of the workers.
Managements policy, is it human centered or production centered.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study in this research work is to

Examine the motivational policy of Dangote group of companies.
Assess the impact it has on workers performance.
Assess the means of motivating workers.
The extent of motivational policy in Dangote group of companies.
To know if motivated workers perform better than those not motivated.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study is to expose the secret behind the strides recorded in the few years of operation of Dangote group of companies in the country. The study is aimed at looking at motivation as a catalyst for achieving organizational cooperate objectives. Among the various physiological motives that have been studied are the drive for curiosity and explanation including the need for affection and inter-personal too.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION

i. What is the motivational policy of Dangote group of companies?

ii. What is the impact of motivation on workers performance?

iii. What are the means of motivating workers?

iv. What is the extent of motivation policy in Dangote group of companies?

v. Do motivated workers perform more than does not motivated?

1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H_o: Effective motivation will lead to increase in workers performance in Dangote group of companies.

H_i: Effective motivation will not lead to increase in workers performance in Dangote group of companies

H_o: Promotion is an adequate means of motivating employees in Dangote group of companies.

H_i: Promotion is not an adequate means of motivating employees in Dangote group of companies.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Because of the nature of the topic “a case study of Dangote group of companies” the scope was limited to the management staff of the organization whether it is human centered or productivity centered. The information gathered was through personal industries, questionnaires and workers hand-book.

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

These are always two sides to a coin, the head and the tail, known as undertaken within a setback. In the course of this work the researcher encountered some difficulties. A work of these magnitude demands more time to effect on the past research in order to come out with a viable and acceptable work.

Among other problems encountered were the attitudes of people interviewed. Despite that, the researcher revealed that information sighted was for academic purpose, they remained indifferent. Limited literature on the subject matter was another limitation, and from available ones, motivation of workers to enhance productivity in an organization was not elaborately discussed. The researcher had to put the available ones together with relevant magazines, newspapers, internet plus the financial review of Dangote group of companies.

1.9 DEFINITION OF RELEVANT TERMS

Motivation: This is the process of arousing behaviour, sustaining behaviour in progress, and channeling behaviour into a specific course of action.
Management: This is the process of getting things done through people. It involves planning, organizing, staff, directing, coordinating and controlling both human and material resources for the purpose of achieving a set goal.
Responsibility: This is the subordinate’s obligation to perform a duty which has been assigned to him.

Manager: Is one who performs the functions of management (planning, organizing, staffing, etc.) and occupiers a formal position in an organization.
Organization: This has to do with determination and provision of capital, material, equipment and personnel that may be required in an enterprise in order to achieve the set goals.

Organizational Structure: This is the established pattern of relationships among the components of the organization.

Organizational Chart: It is a diagram that shows the arrangement, positions and interrelationship of various component parts of company.
Employee: This is a person who is paid to work for an organization or business enterprise.

Behaviour: Is the manner that someone, an animal, a plant etc. do things in a particular way.

Department: Any of the division or unit of a government, business, school or college and so on.

Employees’ Services: This is the maintaining of the general welfare of employees on the job and assisting with problems related to their security and personal welbeing e.g. medical services and insurance protection.