ENEMS MICROSYSTEMS RESEARCH SPOT: January 01

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Sunday, 1 January 2023

AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT CONTROL ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY IN PORT HARCOURT METROPOLIS

AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT CONTROL ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY IN PORT HARCOURT METROPOLIS

ABSTRACT

This project isan evaluation of the impact of development control on residential property value in Port Harcourt metropolis. In the course of carrying out this research the primary data was collected through questionnaire and oral interview with the Rivers State Development Authority and some real estate property developer in the study area. 100 Questionnaire was administered which 80 was collected back upon which the data presentation and analysis depends on. The instrument used in analyzing the data was purposive and tabular form. The research shows that developer and the development control officials tend to accused each other of complicity in development of residential property process in Abuja. the researcher therefore recommend that there is urgent need for effective force and good communication skill and rapid awareness aiming at creating adequate effectiveness on physical environmental issues in Port Harcourt metropolis.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Property development control forms an integral part of the planning practice. It is the basic means by which the state intervenes to regulate the use and development of land in order to implement local and national planning policies. Most significantly it is the part of the planning process in which members of the public come into contact with local planning authorities.

Today, property development control comes under considerable criticism about the nature of decisions taken, and the ways in which they are taken. One hears complaints that sluggishness discourages development; that its complexity is excessively costly; And that its nature stifles initiative. (Amos, 1980). Development control is not appreciated by the general public mainly because of the restrictions it imposes on the aims and aspiration of the developers.

Originally, the rationale for the introduction of state control on private development was to achieve objectives of safety and better health in order to create an improved environment for the benefit of the community. However, as the role of the state expanded and the extent of its intervention increased the definition of the ‘environment’ subject to planning control has changed. From being wholly concerned with the physical form and content of development it now embraces the social and economic consequences of development. As a result, development control has been used to implement planning strategies for different purposes; for example to minimize the negative effect of urban growth, to check the menace of market forces and ensure social equity, as well as to support economic growth (Litchfield & Darin Drabkin, 1980).

Therefore, property development control is a tool, sometimes used to achieve its original objectives of safety and better health; Sometimes to implement planning strategies; and in some cases to do both. Although it continues to regulate the use of land, while planning strategies have widened in scope, development control has proved incapable of meeting additional demands. Since development control is used to implement planning policies, which are normally reflected in planning legislation, physical development plans and other associated planning documents, the failure to achieve development planning objectives may be due to the pursuit of inappropriate policies, to the application of inflexible standards and regulations, or both, which is why Koenigsberger (1975), Rivkin (1978) and McAuslan (1985) comment that development control practices are inappropriate, ineffective and inequitable in their operation in most Third World cities.

They argue that developing countries stand to benefit little from the transplanting of regulations that have evolved in different social soils with differing political and economic climates. Another criticism is that planning agencies in developing countries lack the power and resources to perform efficient and effective development control.

Property development control is seen as a mechanism to maintain standards. It is process laid down by legislation, which regulates the development of land and building. It is the professional activity carried out by town planners in order to ensure compliance with the approved master plan thereby ensuring orderliness.

In line with the above definition, development control actually regulates any building or rebuilding operations in, on and under the land. It also ensures an orderly growth of settlements by stipulating adequate standards for all aspects of land-use through the provision of adequate lighting, ventilation, open spaces and other socio-cultural facilities that make life worth living. The power to grant or refuse as well as attach conditions to permissions for development to take place gives the public agencies the big teeth.

Ogunsesan (2004) opined that development control is the “front line‟ of planning and the part, which affects the general public most. There is a direction in the exercise of development control on developers. The direction according to Ogunsesan (2004) is the objectives of development control, which include: the protection and enhancement of the built environment; the coordination of both public and private investments in land and property to ensure that land is efficiently used; and the control of pollution. In development control process, time is a very important factor. There are two types of time factors in the development control process as pointed out by Faludi (1973): “internal and external time lag”. The internal time lag as he explained is the time it takes to act upon information received, while the external time lag, he explains as the time it takes for the action to be effected.

Property development control is carried out by planning authorities that have legal powers conferred on them to ensure that development is secured. The authorities according to Faludi (1973) are empowered to: plan, promote and secure the physical development and environmental improvement by economic; as financial developers they can initiate planning schemes and develop the area wholly or partly‟. Kimaryo (1992) is of the view that „though the planning authorities are empowered legally to carry out their duties, it may still be restricted. Its effectiveness reduced by lack of political backing and support from the top echelon of government functionaries‟.

Furthermore, development control is seen as a powerful implementation weapon in the planning armory. Positive encouragement is given to developers to compel them to willingly develop their land with due respect to the requirement of the planning authorities. Public enlightenment is usually embarked upon which tend to encourage the public to want some sort of control over physical development. Communication is a vital tool necessary for development control to succeed. An effective and efficient communication ensures „control development with people and not for people‟; for if people are carried along in development control process, the authority will be able to guide development with ease and achieve their set objectives of a well planned built-up area with good road network, building set-backs, ventilation, lighting and pollution free environment. On the other hand, if the members of the public are not informed, they may not accept the idea of control, with feelings that since they owned the land, they can as well carry out development the way they want and at their own time without due consideration.

1.2 Statement of Research Problem

Rural- urban migration has caused congestion in the urban areas and left the towns and cities sprawling endlessly into the countryside with dire consequences for the provision of essential urban infrastructure. That is, the rate of expansion of each of old and newly emerging town led to the emergence of uncoordinated land-uses, winding road network, traffic congestion, uncoordinated provision and distribution of socio-physical infrastructure, uncollected waste and the like, amongst others with great impact on the socio-economic well being of the inhabitants. All these are resultant effects of uncontrolled development in both rural and urban settlements in Nigeria.

The rapid growth of our settlements, particularly urban areas need to be controlled to prevent chaotic and haphazard physical growth and development, which certainly takes place in the absence of any development control measure. However, some of the rationales for effective development control are the achievement of balanced, coordinated and good development of the environment; it ensures structural soundness and the adequate provision of necessary utilities, services and facilities for the proposed buildings; protection and the development of the environment so that the activities of men do not have adverse effects on it. This uncontrolled development has led to the environmental situation as presently witnessed in some squatter settlements of Abuja and other big town and cities in Nigeria. It is against this background that this study seek to evaluate the impact of property development control on residential property in Karu, Nasarawa State.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this project is to evaluate the impact of development control on residential property value in Port Harcourt metropolis.

To achieve the aim above the following objectives were pursued

To examine the effectiveness of development control in the Study Area
To identify the functions of property development control
To evaluate the impact of the development control on residential property value
To identify the possible problems militating against the effectiveness and efficiency of development control in the study area.

1.4 Research Questions

How effective is development control inPort Harcourt metropolis?
What are the functions of development control?
What impact has development control made to real estate development in Port Harcourt metropolis?
What are the possible problems militating against the effectiveness and efficiencyof property development control in the study area?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This project will help to overcome the challenges that are currently facing in development authority in Rivers state especially Port Harcourt metropolis by the time this project is completed as it will serve as an eye opener on relevance of development control towards effective and efficient development of urban and rural areas in Nigeria.

The result of this study will enlighten property developers and investors on the need to comply with development control authority as development control generally impact positively on residential property development.

Students and other researchers will find this research useful as it will serve as reference to the department of estate management and valuation.

1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study

There are different types of property development, this project mainly concern on the evaluation of the impact of development control on residential property value in Port Harcourt metropolis.

In the course of carrying out this study several problems were encountered among which are:

Financial constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint– The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

Uncooperative attitude of Respondents: Some respondents were very reluctant in responding to the research questions which tried to affect the research but the researcher make concerted effort to convinced them.

1.8 DEFINITION & OPERATIONAL OF TERMS

Development: used here means an event constituting a new stage in a changing situation i.e. process development or being developed
Control: implies the power to influence or checking direct result of a survey or experiment of an intelligence of organization.
Impact: these means to have a strong effect on something either positive or negative.Residential: means involving living at the place where you are working, studying or being looked after.
Property: a thing or things belonging to someone or possessions collectively i.e. an attribute, quality or characteristics of something.

1.9 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Rivers State, also known as Rivers, is a state in the Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria (Old Eastern Region).^[5] Formed in 1967, when it was split from the former Eastern Region, Rivers State borders includes; Anambra and Imo on the north, Abia and AkwaIbom on the east, and Bayelsa and Delta on the west. The state capital, Port Harcourt, is a metropolis that is considered to be the commercial center of the Nigerian oil industry.

With a population of 5,198,716 as of the 2006 census, Rivers State is the 6th most populous state in Nigeria.^[8] Rivers State is a diverse state that is home to many ethnic groups, the majority being Igbo or Igboid, but also including the Ogoni and Ijaw. The state is particularly noted for its linguistic diversity, with 28 indigenous languages being said to be spoken in Rivers State, the most dominant of which are the Igbo speaking groups, the Ogoni and Ijaw languages.^[9] Rivers State is the 26th largest state by area, and its geography is dominated by the numerous rivers that flow through it, including the Bonny River.

The economy of Rivers State is dominated by the state’s booming petroleum industry. Although the rise of the oil industry has led to increased revenue for the state government, mismanagement and corruption have prevented the state from rapid development and meaningfully tackling poverty.^[11] During the 2000s, Rivers State saw a rise in the number of cult killings committed within the state.^[12] In 2019, Governor EzenwoNyesomWike declared Rivers State to be a Christian state because it is made up of 90% Christians and 10% orthodox with few strangers practicing Islam unconventionally.

Geography

Rivers State is a predominantly low-lying pluvial state in southern Nigeria, located in the eastern part of the Niger Delta on the oceanward extension of the Benue Trough.^[19] The inland part of the state consists of tropical rainforest, and towards the coast, the typical Niger Delta environment features many mangrove swamps. Rivers State has a total area of 11,077 km² (4,277 sq mi), making it the 26th largest state in Nigeria. Surrounding states are Imo, Abia and Anambra to the north, AkwaIbom to the east and Bayelsa, Delta to the west. On the south, it is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean. Its topography ranges from flat plains, with a network of rivers to tributaries.

Climate

Ogoni Climate activists and others in Port Harcourt protesting environmental degradation in 2015.

Rainfall is generally seasonal, variable, as well as heavy, and occurs between the months of March and October through November. The wet season peaks in July, lasting more than 290 days. The only dry months are January and February having little to no effect.

Total annual rainfall decreases from about 4,700 mm (185 in) on the coast, to about 1,700 mm (67 in) in the extreme north. It is 4,698 mm (185 in) at Bonny along the coast and 1,862 mm (73 in) at Degema. For Port Harcourt, temperatures throughout the year are relatively constant with little variation throughout the course of the seasons. Average temperatures are typically between 25 and 28 °C (77 and 82 °F). Some parts of the state still receive up to 150 mm (6 in) of rainfall during the dry period. Relative humidity rarely dips below 60% and fluctuates between 90% and 100% for most of the year.

WATER AND FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

DEFINE WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Water-soluble vitamins are those that are dissolved in water and readily absorbed into tissues for immediate use. Because they are not stored in the body, they need to be replenished regularly in our diet. The water-soluble vitamins include ascorbic acid (vitamin C), thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B₆ (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine), folacin, vitamin B₁₂, biotin, and pantothenic acid.

Explain the general functions of water soluble vitamin

The followings are the functions of water soluble vitamins:

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) – Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism; important to nerve function
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) – Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism; important for normal vision and skin health.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) – Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism; important for nervous system, digestive system, and skin health
Pantothenic acid – Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism
Biotin – Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) – Part of an enzyme needed for protein metabolism; helps make red blood cells
Folic acid – Part of an enzyme needed for making DNA and new cells, especially red blood cells
Cobalamin (vitamin B12) – Part of an enzyme needed for making new cells; important to nerve function
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) – Antioxidant; part of an enzyme needed for protein metabolism; important for immune system health; aids in iron absorption

LIST THE DEFICIENCY DISEASE OF VITAMINS

Vitamin deficiency is the condition of a long-term lack of a vitamin. When caused by not enough vitamin intake it is classified as a primary deficiency, whereas when due to an underlying disorder such as malabsorption it is called a secondary deficiency. An underlying disorder may be metabolic – as in a genetic defect for converting tryptophan to niacin – or from lifestyle choices that increase vitamin needs, such as smoking or drinking alcohol.

DEFICIENCY OF WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Vitamin	Symptoms & Diagnosis
Thiamine (Vitamin B₁) deficiency	Weight loss, emotional disturbances, impaired sensory perception, weakness and pain in the limbs, and periods of irregular heartbeat. Deficiency is assessed by red blood cell status and urinary output.
Riboflavin (Vitamin B₂) deficiency	Deficiency causes painful red tongue with sore throat, chapped and cracked lips, and inflammation at the corners of the mouth (angular cheilitis). Eyes can be itchy, watery, bloodshot and sensitive to light. Riboflavin deficiency also causes anemia with red blood cells that are normal in size and hemoglobin content, but reduced in number.
Niacin (Vitamin B₃) deficiency	Deficiency causes pellagra, a reversible nutritional wasting disease characterized by four classic symptoms often referred to as the four Ds: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death. The signs and symptoms of niacin deficiency start to revert within days of oral supplementation with large amounts of the vitamin.
Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B₅) deficiency	Irritability, fatigue, and apathy.
Vitamin B₆ deficiency	microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis-like eruption, atrophic glossitis with ulceration, angular cheilitis, conjunctivitis, and intertrigo. Neurologic symptoms of depression, somnolence, confusion, and neuropathy (due to impaired sphingosine synthesis) and microcytic anemia
Biotin (Vitamin B₇) deficiency	Rashes including red, patchy ones near the mouth and fine, brittle hair. Hallucinations, Lethargy, Mild depression, which may progress to profound fatigue and, eventually, to somnolence, Generalized muscular pains (myalgia) and Paresthesias. Decreased urinary excretion of biotin and increased urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid are better indicators of biotin deficiency than concentration in the blood.
Folate (Vitamin B₉) deficiency	Loss of appetite and weight loss can occur. Additional signs are weakness, sore tongue, headaches, heart palpitations, irritability, and behavioral disorders. In adults, anemia (macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia) can be a sign of advanced folate deficiency.
Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency	Anemia (reduction of red blood cells), and the presence of limb neuropathy and digestive disorders.A wide range of associated symptoms may include angular cheilitis, mouth ulcers, bleeding gums, hair loss and thinning, premature greying, a look of exhaustion and dark circles around the eyes, as well as brittle nails.
Vitamin C deficiency	Deficiency leads to weakness, weight loss and general aches and pains. Longer-term depletion affects connective tissues, severe gum disease, and bleeding from the skin.

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Fat-soluble vitamins are dissolved in fats. They are absorbed by fat globules that travel through the small intestines and distributed through the body in the bloodstream. Fat-soluble vitamins are not readily excreted, they can accumulate to toxic levels if taken in excess. Where a well-balanced diet can’t cause toxicity, overdosing on fat-soluble vitamin supplements can.

FUNCTIONS OF FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Fat-soluble vitamins play integral roles in a multitude of physiological processes such as vision, bone health, immune function, and coagulation. This review discusses the biochemistry, transport, and roles of these vitamins highlighting deficiency syndromes and potential toxicities.

DEFICIENCY OF FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Vitamin	Symptoms & Diagnosis
Vitamin A deficiency	Can cause nyctalopia (night blindness) and keratomalacia, the latter leading to permanent blindness if not treated..
Vitamin D deficiency	Usually asymptomatic, causes reduce bone density associated with the development of schizophrenia.
Vitamin E deficiency	Causes poor conduction of electrical impulses along nerves due to changes in nerve membrane structure and function.
Vitamin K deficiency	Signs and symptoms can include sensitivity to bruising, bleeding gums, nosebleeds, and heavy menstrual bleeding in women

REFERENCES

Gilbert C. What is vitamin A and why do we need it? Community Eye Health. 2013;26(84):65. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Shahidi F, de Camargo AC. Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Common and Emerging Dietary Sources: Occurrence, Applications, and Health Benefits. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Oct 20;17(10) [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Booth SL. Vitamin K: food composition and dietary intakes. Food Nutr Res. 2012;56 [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Russell McDowell (2000). Vitamins in Animal and Human Nutrition (2 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-8138-2630-1.

“Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Vitamins”(PDF). Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2019.

“Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment”. 28 July 2021. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.

DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION OF 5KVA SOLAR SYSTEM

DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION OF 5KVA SOLAR SYSTEM

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

In recent times there has been an increasing demand for alternative energy sources as global oil reserves dwindle and concerns for the environment continue to grow.Today, just about everyone increasingly depends on devices that require electricity,but in Nigeria, one of the most populated nations in Africa, only 40% of the people are connected to the energy grid; those connected experience brownouts and total blackouts around 60% of the time. Meanwhile, it is sunny 43% of daylight hours in Nigeria, which is an average of 1885 hours of sunlight per year, this means solar as an alternative energy solution is very much feasible in this part of the world.

There is therefore a growing need for inverters to convert low voltage DC to high voltage AC which are of lower cost and more efficient.This project focuses on DC to AC power inverter whose aim is to efficiently convert a DC power source to a high voltage AC source, similar to power that would be available at an electrical wall outlet.Inverters are used for many applications as in a situation where low voltage DC sources such as batteries, solar panels or fuel cells must be converted so that devices can run on AC power. One example of such a situation would be converting electrical power from a car battery to run a laptop, television, lighting or cell phone etc.

The method in which the low voltage DC power is inverted, is completed in two steps. The first being the conversion of the low voltage DC power to a high voltage DC source, and the second step being the conversion of the high DC source to an AC waveform using pulse width modulation. Another method to complete the desired outcome would be to first convert the low voltage DC power to AC, and then use a transformer to boost the voltage to 220 volts. This project focused on the design, construction and implementation of 5KVA Solar system which specifically the transformed a high voltage DC source from the sun into an AC output.

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Beginning from the late 19th century to the middle of the 20th century DC to AC power conversion was accomplished using rotary converters, or Motor Generator(MG) sets. In the early 20th century, vacuum tube and gas filled tube began to be used as switches in inverter circuits. The most widely used type of tube was the thyraton.

The origination of electromechanical inverters explains the source of the term inverter. Early AC to DC converters used on conduction or synchronous AC motor are directly connected to a generator (dynamo), so that the generators commutation reversed its connection exactly the right moments to produce DC. A later improvement is the synchronous converter, in which the motor and generator windings are combined into one armature, with slip-rings at one end and a commutation at the other end and only one field frame.

The result is either with AC-on, DC-out. With an M.G sets, the DC can be considered to be separately generated from the AC with a synchronous converter,in a certain sense, it can be considered to be mechanically rectified AC. Using the right auxiliary and control equipment, an M.G set or rotary converter can “run backward”, converting DC to AC. Hence, an inverter is inverter converter.It should also be noted that early inverter did not use transistors for switching purposes, because its voltage and current ratings were not high enough for most inverter applications. However, in 1975, the Silicon Control Rectifier (SCR) was introduced as switches, hence initiating a transition to solid state inverter circuits.Today, however due to an increased knowledge in technology, modern inverters are less bulky, and more efficient with the use of various components such as ICs (Integrated Circuits).

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Lack of incentives to invest in the aged and inefficient national grid, transmission and distribution infrastructures, as well as the fact that energy from decentralized,renewable sources is not well fashioned to work on the electricity grids in the country has led to incessant power outage all over the country. Some of the solutions to this problem is an auxiliary AC power generator, nuclear power plants,wind turbines, solar power etc., but the cost of fossil fuels continues to increase rapidly and hence will not be cost effective in the future; while solar power has some aesthetic, economic and technical drawbacks. A more effective and reliable alternative is battery power back-up system which can be converted to AC power using power inverters.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

The main aim of this project is to design, construct and install a 5kVA solar system inverter with48volts supply so as to achieve the following objectives:

To produce pure sine wave output voltage that can be used to power Electrical/Electronic Department.
To back-up the erratic power supply by PHCN.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The important of an inverter is that, it has the capability to convert the DC power into AC power making it useful to operate equipment such as household items,computers, power tools and much more, by simply plugging typical equipment into the inverter.

It is also important because it can deliver efficient power to run an electrical product with high power requirement usually as electric utility heater, air conditioners with additional batteries connected because of it high current it will draw.

1.5 JUSTIFICATION

Designing a pure sine wave inverter with the above listed features is of great significance for it serves to unveil the challenges and possible flaws that are associated with modern inverters in the market and hence give insight and practical design experience to students which will in turn encourage more researches in the area of solar inverter power system as an alternative power supply for homes and industries.

This project also serves to widen the horizon of students especially in the area of modern day solar technology and hence can serve as an area for further research and development in schools and industries.Solar power inverter systems find application in the following areas of life:

In homes and offices as stand-alone power supply or supplement to the mains power supply
In industries and factories as grid-tie or stand-alone system
In camping grounds and off grid locations as a portable power supply
In hospitals as back-up power supply in case of mains outage
In other power critical places as emergency power supply, etc.
In our case, it serves to provide an alternative power source for the department during the times of mains power outage.

1.6 SCOPE OF WORK

This project work covers the design and installation of a 5kVA solar inverter that can power the loads that are within its capacity. The design’s focus will be in designing an inverter that will power the department’s first floor and be dependent on power from the mains or solar cells. The battery bank is limited to 19,200 Watt-Hour (i.e. 48V x 400Ah) and can be charged by either the mains power or the power from the array of solar modules. The design is capable of automatically switching to mains or inverter mode when appropriate and features all forms of protection techniques/schemes to guard the system and the connected appliances against any form of danger that may arise during operation.

The design does not accommodate a high power surge beyond its stated capacity and hence cannot be used to power high inductive loads like industrial electric motors and high power air conditioners. It can be used to power very sensitive and life dependent devices/equipment like medical equipment and servers because of the near absence of harmonic content in the final power output of the design.