EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ARABLE CROPS RICE AND MAIZE USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

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EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ARABLE CROPS RICE AND MAIZE USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

ABSTRACT

This study examines the effect of climate change on arable crops; rice and maize using artificial neural network. The study revealed that there is a relationship between climate change and the yields of rice and maize. Unfavorable climatic conditions or climate change impacted negatively on grain yields; if there is drought, excessive temperature, and low rainfall there will be a decline in yield resulting to a decline in productivity as well. Therefore, it was inferred that climate change has a great effect on arable crops yields in Nigeria and the world at large. On the premise of result obtained in this study, it is recommended that the government should understand that there is a great loss of crop yield as a result of climate change and should help the crop farmers with effective adaptation strategies such as providing irrigation facilities to cope with the challenges of inadequate rainfall. There is also a need for better policies and investments on infrastructure to facilitate technology adoption and adaptation. These include investments on irrigation, roads, storage facilities and improved access to markets. Extension agent should provide vital information on crop varieties with increased tolerance to climate change and other climate-smart agricultural practices that will enable farmers mitigate against climate change.

CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION 1.1              BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYAgriculture is an economic activity that produces food necessary for human livelihood and it is highly dependent upon weather and climate; however, agriculture is also likely to be very vulnerable to climate variability and change. Agriculture constitutes the principal livelihood for 70 percent of the poor throughout the world, many of the poor and hungry being smallholder farmers, herders, fishermen and forest-dwellers, as well as indigenous people living in climate sensitive and vulnerable areas (Feldstein, 2017).  Climate change is a widespread challenge affecting many parts of the world (Feldstein, 2017). This changes will not occur without marked impacts upon various sectors of our environment, and consequently of our society (Elum and Momodu, 2017). The changes in climate will appear and will have an important impact on land suitability and in particular, for rainfed crop production. Climate change has raised much concern regarding its impacts on future global agricultural production, varying by region, time, and socio-economic development path (Zoellick and Robert, 2018).Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change and higher temperatures eventually reduce crop yields without discouraging weed, disease and pest challenges. Changes in precipitation patterns increase the likelihood of short-term crop failures and long-term declines in production (Ceccarelli, et al., 2020) Although there will be gains in some crops in some regions of the world, the overall impact of climate change on agriculture is expected to be negative, threatening global food security (Nelson et al., 2019). Food insecurity would probably increase under climate change, unless early warning systems and development programmes are used more effectively (Brown & Funk 2008). Currently, millions of hungry people subsist on what they produce. If climate change reduces production while populations increase, there is likely to be more hunger. Lobellet al. (2018) showed that increasing temperatures and declining precipitation over semi-arid regions are likely to reduce yields of maize, wheat, rice and other primary crops in the next two decades. Even though climate change is one of the major current global concerns, it is not new. Several climate changes have occurred before, with dramatic consequences. Among them is the decrease in CO₂ content, which took place 350 million years ago and which is considered to be responsible for the appearance of leaves, the first plants were leafless and it took 40–50 million years for leaves to appear (Lobellet al., 2018). Relatively scarcity of land resources for agriculture and insufficient food security of the world’s population require that the land be used in an optimum way in the context of climate change. With the increase of demand for arable crops such as rice and maize and the crunching effects of climate change on their production, it has become more important as people strive to make better use of the available methods to increase yields(Lobellet al., 2018)..   Artificial intelligence or Artificial Neural Network is the development of software that combines problem-solving and decision-making to achieve goals through replicating the process of ‘sense, decide and act’. It is developed to be used by computers and machines (Alen, 2016). Among other definitions, Machine Learning (ML) is defined as the scientific field that gives machines the ability to learn without being strictly programmed (Samuel, 2019). Artificial intelligence uses machine learning algorithm in which the system generates some adaptive learning approaches in order to achieve some goal of environment, artificial intelligence is a vast field comprising large areas like logical reasoning, computation, and probability.  Arable crop breeding such as rice and maize can employ the use of Artificial Intelligence to address climate change-related stakes by; helping enable farmers to avoid crop losses related to climate change to the degree that it results in crop varieties that are more resilient to the effects of climate change and helping reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture by preventing further land conversion to agriculture Glaszmann (2015). Climate changes are predicted to have adverse impacts on food production, food quality (Atkinson et al., 2008) and food security. One of the most recent predictions is that the number of undernourished people would have increased by 150% in the Middle East and North Africa and by 300% in sub-Saharan Africa by the year 2080, compared to 1990 as such this review will substantively outline and elucidate the importance of Artificial Neural Network in breeding with the aim of combating climate change through state of the art tools, applications, and techniques.   1.2              STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMClimate change are the main causes of stress on food production and availability. Depending on the level of development, roughly 20 to 80 percent of the inter-annual variability of yields is caused by the changes in weather and 5 to 10 percent of national agricultural production is lost annually due to climate. Chronic losses and indirect negative effects (i.e. diseases, pests…) exceed by far the effects of extreme (i.e. statistically rare) climatic events. In fact, production losses due to pests, diseases and weeds are estimated at 26 to 30 percent for sugar beet, barley, soybean, wheat and cotton, and 35, 39 and 40 percent for maize, potatoes and rice, respectively (Obrist, 2016). Post-harvest losses are also of the same order of magnitude.   Nevertheless, agricultural productivity in Africa falls far behind standards in the developed world. Over 90 percent of agriculture depends on rainfall without the aid of artificial irrigation. Only 5 percent of the cultivated land in Africa is irrigated and the majority of the farmers depend on rainfall, while in Asia, 38 percent of the arable land is irrigated. The techniques used to cultivate soil in Africa still fall far behind those that have been adopted in Asia and the Americas because of the lack of the benefits of irrigation, fertilisers, pesticides and access to high-yield seeds as well. Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change and higher temperatures eventually reduce crop yields without discouraging weed, disease and pest challenges. Changes in precipitation patterns increase the likelihood of short-term crop failures and long-term declines in production Ceccarelli (2010). Although there will be gains in some crops in some regions of the world, the overall impact of climate change on agriculture is expected to be negative, threatening global food security (Nelson et al., 2019). Food insecurity would probably increase under climate change, unless early warning systems and development programmes are used more effectively (Nelson et al., 2019).  It is against this problems that this study seek to examine the effect of climate change on arable crops; rice and maize using artificial neural network.  1.3              OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of this study is to examine the effect of climate change on arable crops; rice and maize using artificial neural network. The specific objectives of the study is to: i.        Identify the causes of climate changeii.      Determine the effect of climate change on arable crops production such as rice and maize iii.    To ascertain how the effect of climate change can be combated using artificial neural network 1.4              RESEARCH QUESTION 1.      What are the causes of climate change 2.      What are the effects of climate change on arable crop production? 3.      How can the effect of climate change on crop production be combated using artificial neural network? 1.5              SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The use artificial Intelligence (Artificial Neural Network) in agriculture has the potential to deliver much-needed solution. AI- based technological solutions has enabled the farmers to produce more output with less input and even improved the quality of output, also ensuring faster go-to- market for the yielded crops. The findings of this study on the effect of climate change on arable crops; rice and maize using artificial neural network will serve as an opener to farmers, government, policy makers and the general public on the effects of climate change on the available of arable crops such as maize and rice. It will enlighten them on how to use artificial intelligence in agricultural practice or arable crop production in particular to combat the effects of climate change on food security.  1.6              SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDYThe scope of this study is limited to the effect of climate change on arable crops such as rice and maize using artificial neural network. The study will be based on how rainfall and temperature affects the production of arable crops (Rice and Maize) in Nigeria and Nasarawa state in particular.In the course of carrying out this research, the following problems were faced which posed some limitations to the study: 1.      Financial constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).2.      Time constraint– The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work. 1.7              DEFINITION OF TERMS Climate Change: Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle. But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.Arable Crops: Arable crops are crops that complete their life cycle, from germination to seed production, within one year. There are various types of arable crops depending on the type of their use. These include crops such as maize, rice, millet, lentil, beans, peas etc.Artificial Neural Network: Artificial neural networks, usually simply called neural networks  is a computing system made up of a number of simple, highly interconnected processing elements, which process information by their dynamic state response to external inputs.

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EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ARABLE CROPS RICE AND MAIZE USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ARABLE CROPS RICE AND MAIZE USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

ABSTRACT

This study examines the effect of climate change on arable crops; rice and maize using artificial neural network. The study revealed that there is a relationship between climate change and the yields of rice and maize. Unfavorable climatic conditions or climate change impacted negatively on grain yields; if there is drought, excessive temperature, and low rainfall there will be a decline in yield resulting to a decline in productivity as well. Therefore, it was inferred that climate change has a great effect on arable crops yields in Nigeria and the world at large. On the premise of result obtained in this study, it is recommended that the government should understand that there is a great loss of crop yield as a result of climate change and should help the crop farmers with effective adaptation strategies such as providing irrigation facilities to cope with the challenges of inadequate rainfall. There is also a need for better policies and investments on infrastructure to facilitate technology adoption and adaptation. These include investments on irrigation, roads, storage facilities and improved access to markets. Extension agent should provide vital information on crop varieties with increased tolerance to climate change and other climate-smart agricultural practices that will enable farmers mitigate against climate change.

CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION 1.1              BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYAgriculture is an economic activity that produces food necessary for human livelihood and it is highly dependent upon weather and climate; however, agriculture is also likely to be very vulnerable to climate variability and change. Agriculture constitutes the principal livelihood for 70 percent of the poor throughout the world, many of the poor and hungry being smallholder farmers, herders, fishermen and forest-dwellers, as well as indigenous people living in climate sensitive and vulnerable areas (Feldstein, 2017).  Climate change is a widespread challenge affecting many parts of the world (Feldstein, 2017). This changes will not occur without marked impacts upon various sectors of our environment, and consequently of our society (Elum and Momodu, 2017). The changes in climate will appear and will have an important impact on land suitability and in particular, for rainfed crop production. Climate change has raised much concern regarding its impacts on future global agricultural production, varying by region, time, and socio-economic development path (Zoellick and Robert, 2018).Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change and higher temperatures eventually reduce crop yields without discouraging weed, disease and pest challenges. Changes in precipitation patterns increase the likelihood of short-term crop failures and long-term declines in production (Ceccarelli, et al., 2020) Although there will be gains in some crops in some regions of the world, the overall impact of climate change on agriculture is expected to be negative, threatening global food security (Nelson et al., 2019). Food insecurity would probably increase under climate change, unless early warning systems and development programmes are used more effectively (Brown & Funk 2008). Currently, millions of hungry people subsist on what they produce. If climate change reduces production while populations increase, there is likely to be more hunger. Lobellet al. (2018) showed that increasing temperatures and declining precipitation over semi-arid regions are likely to reduce yields of maize, wheat, rice and other primary crops in the next two decades. Even though climate change is one of the major current global concerns, it is not new. Several climate changes have occurred before, with dramatic consequences. Among them is the decrease in CO₂ content, which took place 350 million years ago and which is considered to be responsible for the appearance of leaves, the first plants were leafless and it took 40–50 million years for leaves to appear (Lobellet al., 2018). Relatively scarcity of land resources for agriculture and insufficient food security of the world’s population require that the land be used in an optimum way in the context of climate change. With the increase of demand for arable crops such as rice and maize and the crunching effects of climate change on their production, it has become more important as people strive to make better use of the available methods to increase yields(Lobellet al., 2018)..   Artificial intelligence or Artificial Neural Network is the development of software that combines problem-solving and decision-making to achieve goals through replicating the process of ‘sense, decide and act’. It is developed to be used by computers and machines (Alen, 2016). Among other definitions, Machine Learning (ML) is defined as the scientific field that gives machines the ability to learn without being strictly programmed (Samuel, 2019). Artificial intelligence uses machine learning algorithm in which the system generates some adaptive learning approaches in order to achieve some goal of environment, artificial intelligence is a vast field comprising large areas like logical reasoning, computation, and probability.  Arable crop breeding such as rice and maize can employ the use of Artificial Intelligence to address climate change-related stakes by; helping enable farmers to avoid crop losses related to climate change to the degree that it results in crop varieties that are more resilient to the effects of climate change and helping reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture by preventing further land conversion to agriculture Glaszmann (2015). Climate changes are predicted to have adverse impacts on food production, food quality (Atkinson et al., 2008) and food security. One of the most recent predictions is that the number of undernourished people would have increased by 150% in the Middle East and North Africa and by 300% in sub-Saharan Africa by the year 2080, compared to 1990 as such this review will substantively outline and elucidate the importance of Artificial Neural Network in breeding with the aim of combating climate change through state of the art tools, applications, and techniques.   1.2              STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMClimate change are the main causes of stress on food production and availability. Depending on the level of development, roughly 20 to 80 percent of the inter-annual variability of yields is caused by the changes in weather and 5 to 10 percent of national agricultural production is lost annually due to climate. Chronic losses and indirect negative effects (i.e. diseases, pests…) exceed by far the effects of extreme (i.e. statistically rare) climatic events. In fact, production losses due to pests, diseases and weeds are estimated at 26 to 30 percent for sugar beet, barley, soybean, wheat and cotton, and 35, 39 and 40 percent for maize, potatoes and rice, respectively (Obrist, 2016). Post-harvest losses are also of the same order of magnitude.   Nevertheless, agricultural productivity in Africa falls far behind standards in the developed world. Over 90 percent of agriculture depends on rainfall without the aid of artificial irrigation. Only 5 percent of the cultivated land in Africa is irrigated and the majority of the farmers depend on rainfall, while in Asia, 38 percent of the arable land is irrigated. The techniques used to cultivate soil in Africa still fall far behind those that have been adopted in Asia and the Americas because of the lack of the benefits of irrigation, fertilisers, pesticides and access to high-yield seeds as well. Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change and higher temperatures eventually reduce crop yields without discouraging weed, disease and pest challenges. Changes in precipitation patterns increase the likelihood of short-term crop failures and long-term declines in production Ceccarelli (2010). Although there will be gains in some crops in some regions of the world, the overall impact of climate change on agriculture is expected to be negative, threatening global food security (Nelson et al., 2019). Food insecurity would probably increase under climate change, unless early warning systems and development programmes are used more effectively (Nelson et al., 2019).  It is against this problems that this study seek to examine the effect of climate change on arable crops; rice and maize using artificial neural network.  1.3              OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of this study is to examine the effect of climate change on arable crops; rice and maize using artificial neural network. The specific objectives of the study is to: i.        Identify the causes of climate changeii.      Determine the effect of climate change on arable crops production such as rice and maize iii.    To ascertain how the effect of climate change can be combated using artificial neural network 1.4              RESEARCH QUESTION 1.      What are the causes of climate change 2.      What are the effects of climate change on arable crop production? 3.      How can the effect of climate change on crop production be combated using artificial neural network? 1.5              SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The use artificial Intelligence (Artificial Neural Network) in agriculture has the potential to deliver much-needed solution. AI- based technological solutions has enabled the farmers to produce more output with less input and even improved the quality of output, also ensuring faster go-to- market for the yielded crops. The findings of this study on the effect of climate change on arable crops; rice and maize using artificial neural network will serve as an opener to farmers, government, policy makers and the general public on the effects of climate change on the available of arable crops such as maize and rice. It will enlighten them on how to use artificial intelligence in agricultural practice or arable crop production in particular to combat the effects of climate change on food security.  1.6              SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDYThe scope of this study is limited to the effect of climate change on arable crops such as rice and maize using artificial neural network. The study will be based on how rainfall and temperature affects the production of arable crops (Rice and Maize) in Nigeria and Nasarawa state in particular.In the course of carrying out this research, the following problems were faced which posed some limitations to the study: 1.      Financial constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).2.      Time constraint– The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work. 1.7              DEFINITION OF TERMS Climate Change: Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle. But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.Arable Crops: Arable crops are crops that complete their life cycle, from germination to seed production, within one year. There are various types of arable crops depending on the type of their use. These include crops such as maize, rice, millet, lentil, beans, peas etc.Artificial Neural Network: Artificial neural networks, usually simply called neural networks  is a computing system made up of a number of simple, highly interconnected processing elements, which process information by their dynamic state response to external inputs.

THE POLICE AND CRIME CONTROL IN ABUJA METROPOLIS

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THE POLICE AND CRIME CONTROL IN ABUJA METROPOLIS

ABSTRACT

This research work examines the Nigeria Police force and crime control in Abuja metropolis with the specific objectives to examine the role of the Nigeria Police in combating crime in the society, identify the inadequacies of the police in the discharge of their functions and to proffer practical solutions for combating crimes in Nigeria. The methods of data collection were primary and secondary data method. The data collected were analyzed by use of simple percentages and descriptive statistics. Findings of the study show that the Nigeria police force performed several roles such as crime detection, prevention, control and prosecution of criminals in their attempt to maintain law and orderliness in the community but without challenges, such challenges as identified by the include but limited to corruption, poor welfare, poor funding, inadequate arms and ammunition and lack of public support. Finally the study recommend that the Nigerian police force should put more effort in improving  their relationship with the members of the public in other to gain the confidence of the people for easy flow of information which is the pillar of crime control and prevention and the government at all level should help in the provision of sophisticated arms, patrol vans/ power bikes, rain coat, and all other crime fighting arms to both the Police to help them contribute effectively for a better crime free society especially Abuja metropolis.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1. Background of the study

Crime is one of the most obvious events which confront people in this modern age (Giddens, 2004). According to Ugwuoke (2010), crime and criminality are as old as mankind. Crime to Marshall (2008) is a universal feature of all human societies. The reason for this according to Marshall is because there is no human society where norms and values are not violated, from the simplest hunting and gathering societies to the most complex civilized societies. It is because of this universal character of crime that every society is expected to have ‘specific mechanisms for the overall interest and wellbeing of the generality of the populace’ (Igbo, 2007:14)

The phenomenon, “crime” has been a major subject of private and public concern throughout human history. No society is free of crime. However, the question often asked is that even if crime is part of inevitable human behaviour, how much of it can a society tolerate? This question is linked to man’s natural instinct for survival, the ability to respond to any threat to his life and property. Crime poses such a threat, particularly in its violent form. The recent upsurge in violent crimes in Nigeria has created enormous uncertainty in the security of lives and property of individuals and of social stability in general. The incidents of traditional crimes such as armed robbery, arson, drug trafficking and abuse, murder, kidnapping, rape, hired assassinations and ritual killings are examples of the most serious and violent crimes which have been on the increase in the recent past. Correspondingly, White Collar Crimes in the form of Advance Fee Fraud (popularly, known as 419), contract deals, embezzlement and mismanagement in both the public and private sectors are also on the increase. The aggregate of the traditional crimes mostly committed by the less privileged and white collar crimes mostly committed by the highly placed call for a change in the strategies for the prevention and control of crime in Nigeria and Abuja in particular.

The existing patterns in criminal activities show that criminals are getting more organized, sophisticated and brutal in the manner they carry out their dastardly acts, either in the way they physically attack individuals with dangerous weapons or the method they use in taking advantage of their official positions to steal and stash away millions of public funds in foreign and domestic accounts. Equally worrisome is the new dimension in organized criminal behaviour in Nigeria involving acts of terrorism and sabotage against individuals and public places. Recent incidents, in which some individual were stalked and eventually trapped in the volley of bullets from assault weapons, depict the viciousness of violent criminals. These acts are usually well-planned, orchestrated, syndicated and organized in the mafia-type fashion. In addition to these new patterns of violent crimes against persons, there is also the equally disturbing criminal behaviour against the Nigerian economy leading to the collapse of financial institutions and government parastatals. In short, we are witnessing the emergences of dangerous trends in the nation’s social and economic well-being which needs to be addressed by the appropriate authorities saddled with the responsibilities of maintaining peace and orderly in the society among which is the Nigeria Police Force.

The law has clothed the Nigeria Police with enviable powers in the sphere of administration of justice, preservation of law, order and maintenance of national tranquility. The section from the 1999 Constitution provides that the Police shall be organized and administered in accordance with such provisions as may be prescribed by the Act of the National Assembly. In exercise of the constitutional powers conferred on the National Assembly to enact the Police Act.

In the exercise of its primary powers, the Police also act in other spheres which are necessarily incidental to the exercise of the actual powers of the police. For instance, in the exercise of the primary duty of the police under section 4 of the Police Act, the Act gives the Police the power of public prosecution. By these powers, the police can charge and prosecute any person suspected to have committed a crime before any court of law in Nigeria.

In the bid to create a favourable condition for the discharge of the duty of the police; the Police Act has also given the police the power to arrest any person suspected to have committed a crime with or without warrants. The Police by the provision of the Act is also empowered to detain any person reasonably suspected to be in possession or carrying stolen property, or property that is reasonably believed to be unlawfully obtained. For the purpose of forensic investigation, the law empowers the police to take finger prints. It should, however, be noted that the exercise of these numerous powers conferred on the police has to be discharged with due regards to reasonability and decorum. Any exercise of such powers in contravention of procedures accepted practice and the rights of individuals would be rendered ultra-vires null and void. This is importantly so as individual rights are also fundamentally guaranteed by the same Constitution that confers powers on the police.

The vital and indispensable roles peace and security play in all facets of human development and existence, especially in our society incontrovertibly cannot either be swept under the carpet or dismissed with mere wave of hands. This is true because in any society, be it simple or complex, developed or developing and rural or urban, man in his state of nature is a wanting animal, and insatiable, who is always confronted with the problems of diverse interest and goals, at times insolvable, unless infringement upon other people’s right is employed, it is against this background that this study seek to examine the police and crime control in Abuja metropolis.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

Crime and the cases of crime is fast becoming a serious problem in contemporary world. The high rate of crime in Abuja the Federal Capital Territory has raised a general feeling of insecurity of lives and property, and have made residents of the city to cry out for urgent assistance to curb the ugly situation in order to safeguard the lives and property of community members. In an anxious bid to tackle this rising wave of crime, the governments have increased support to Nigeria police service in areas of personnel, logistics and firearms. However it seems that the more weapons and police personnel deployed to fight crime, the more criminal activities are committed. Chukwuma (2002) noted that the much that has been achieved seems to be crime spreading from one area to another. The argument therefore is that to deal with the growing sophisticated armed robbery operations, superior weapons, more personnel and new methods or strategy like police/public partnership (community policing) should be introduced.

1.3     Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study is to appraise the performance of the police in their role of crime control in Abuja metropolis. The specific objectives of this research work are:

1. To examine the role of the Nigeria Police in combating crime in the society.
2. To identify the inadequacies of the police in the discharge of their functions.
3. To proffer practical solutions for combating crimes in Nigeria.

1.4     Research Questions

1. What are the roles of the Nigeria Police in combating crime in the society?
2. What are the inadequacies of the police in the discharge of their functions?
3. What are the practical solutions for combating crimes in Nigeria?

1.5     Significance of the Study

The importance of this research work cannot be over emphasized. It analyses the role of Police in crime control in the Nigeria society in order to give the public clearer views on police administration.

Also, the research is necessitated to show case the indiscriminate violations of human rights by the police and the gross increase of crime rate in the country which often leaves much to be desired.

With the above issues, this research will serve as a viable source of information to all and sundry. First, it will benefit the police, those engaged in crime control and administration of justice, law enforcement agencies and the court. It will also provide relevant suggestions on how best to curb the increase of crimes; it is also of immense benefit to policy makers, government officials, academicians, students and anyone interested in the peaceful co-existence of the Nigerian populace.

1.6     Scope of the Research

This research is limited to the role of Nigeria Police in crime control in Abuja. It will also look into the issues of crimes prevention and mechanisms for control crimes in Nigeria. But, reference shall be made to Abuja metropolis. Analysis was also made to other police organization to enhance more knowledge on this area.

1.7     Operational Definition of Terms

The following basic concepts are operationalized for easy comprehension of the study:

Community Policing: It is a collaborative effort between the police and the members of the public to identify the problems of crime and disorder and to develop solutions from within the community in crime reduction.

Crime: Crime in this study means any action which contravenes the laws established by political authority.

Crime Control: In this study, crime control is the means of solving crime problems, arresting suspects, processing and incapacitating offenders by the members of society, agents and the criminal justice system.

Crime Fighting Policing: This is the kind of policing that do not need the collaboration of the member of the society in crime control/fight but solely depend on themselves to dictate and control crime example is the police we have during military era.

Crime Prevention: In this study, it is the present interventions in stopping future crime.

Crime Reduction: It is all the effort from the people and the government to reduce the rate of crime in a given society.

Law Enforcement Agencies: They are those that are responsible for detecting, fighting and controlling crime in any society.

Perception: It is the way a set of people see or understand a given circumstances, or the awareness created by some people about something or issues.

Strategy: In this study, strategy is the way or means of doing the same thing in a different way for more positive result.

Traditional Policing: Principally, they are government agency responsible for law enforcement and also to detect and arrest criminals, (Swanson, Territo and Taylor 1998). It is also to mean in this research work the kind of police system used before the advent of the colonial masters, whereby the emirs at the north uses palace guards, the oba at the west make use of palace guards and council of elders of the east uses age-grade to ensure order.