AN ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE FACILITIES

AN ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE FACILITIES

ABSTRACT

The aim of this project is to carry out an assessment of public health service facilities with particular reference to General Hospital, Minna, Niger State. The research was designed to assess the present condition of the built environment, and to determine factors affecting maintenance management of public health facilities in Nigeria. Primary data were collected directly from the field through the use of oral interview, field observation, questionnaires and building survey conducted. 50 questionnaires were distributed and all 50 were returned fully responded to. Relative Index (RI) was employed for ranking and determination of significant factors affecting the state of the facilities through the collected data. The study determined that although there were facilities and services provided in the hospital, they were inadequate and at times not functioning effectively and efficiently. Use of poor quality components and materials and Absence of a form of planned maintenance programmes were ranked as the most significant factors responsible for poor maintenance management of public hospital buildings. The study recommended that: Government should equally make it as a matter of policy for private and public hospitals that there should be a maintenance policy guiding their maintenance programmes.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Public facilities are facilities provided, owned, or being monitored by government either at the federal, state or local government level. Basically, they can be classified into two namely movable facilities which are facilities like earth moving equipment, vehicles, computers, typewriters, etc., that can change location from time to time and non-movable facilities like buildings, electricity lines, pipe lines for water, etc., that cannot change their location. All these facilities, irrespective of their group needs effective regular maintenance for proper functioning of the assets acquired. The performance of public facilities depends on the degree of effective maintenance. Unfortunately, however, maintenance is one of the major problems facing the public organizations with a resultant effect of having their premises littered with broken down plants/equipments which are allowed to rust away under rainy and sunny conditions and eventually are sold as scraps (Lawal and Adeyemo, 2004).

Maintenance management in the public sector in Nigeria has suffered from lack of funds for a considerable time. While the requirements for good practice in maintenance management of building stock have been established over a considerable period, the achievement of good practice is by no means universal (Turrell, 1997). Maintenance of the built environment impacts on the whole nation. The conditions of the surroundings in which we live and learn, is a reflection of the nation’s well being. (Lee, 1987) Maintainability of building has been identified as one of the key areas in which the construction industry must achieve significant improvement (Nayantharas de Silva et al, 2004).

According to Iyagba and Adenuga, (2003) it is impossible to produce buildings which are maintenance free, but maintenance work can be minimized by good design and proper workmanship carried out by skilled experts or competent craftsmen using suitable codes of installation, requisite building materials and methods. Management of any process involves assessing performance, and maintenance management of buildings is no exception (Turrell, 1997).

In order for any maintenance manager to measure performance and set priorities, the organizational needs have to be considered i.e. the function and performance of buildings and their appropriate standards will be independent on the user’s perception and their primary needs (Chanter and Swallow, 1996). Performance of hospital buildings and their component depends to large extent on continuous and planned periodical maintenance, which challenges owners and facility managers to institute precise planning based on a well-structured maintenance programmes (Shohet et al, 2002). Despite the ever-growing need for lower operational costs, facilities managers must ensure that facilities are constructed and maintained without compromising safety. In Nigeria, colonial architecture in some of the older public buildings especially hospitals which was hitherto famous for its sturdiness and functionality has now become less attractive because of the general neglect of the buildings. Overcrowding has also led to the deterioration of the facilities installed (Onifade 2003).

If no action is taken all these old buildings and facilities will decay and will only be replaced in function if the means are available. The inadequacy of the operation and maintenance of building and infrastructure in developing countries has serious consequences for economic and social development especially on the health sector.

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Existing health sector buildings in Nigeria lack adequate maintenance attention. Most public hospital buildings are in very poor and deplorable conditions of structural and decorative disrepair. While considerable of research have been carried out on factors responsible for the poor maintenance of public housing estates and offices in Nigeria but only scant attention has been given to the key parameters affecting the implementation of maintenance programmes for public hospital buildings. There is therefore a need to establish and evaluate the factor affecting maintenance management of public hospital buildings using appropriate analysis.

1.3       AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project is to carry out an assessment of public health facilities in Nigeria with particular interest in  General Hospital, Minna, Niger State.

The specific objectives of this research are:

1. To assess the present condition of General Hospital, Minna, Niger State as carried out by the maintenance department.
2. To determine factors affecting maintenance management of public health facilities in Nigeria.
3. To make useful suggestions on improving the existing facilities in Public Health Facilities in Nigeria.

1.4       SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This study evaluates the maintenance services that are provided in the General Hospital, Minna, Niger State. This provides an insight to the significance of the physical characteristics of the hospital in determining the level of satisfaction. Such information will enhance the skills of architects and housing administrators to ascertain specific actions that can maximize more satisfactory maintenance provisions in not only hospitals but in other government owned buildings and minimize dissatisfaction as much as possible, lessons learnt from the evaluations of existing projects can serve as input into ongoing or future projects.

It is expected that the main contribution of the study will be to propose an expanded approach to buildings and building services evaluations of government owned buildings, which goes beyond the limits of present day’s building industry.

1.5       SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The research is based on the study on “An assessment of Public Health Service Facilities: A Case Study of General Hospital, Minna, Niger State”. This study takes into consideration the services and facilities provided in the General Hospital, Minna, Niger State. This assessment focuses on the maintenance management and maintenance framework available at the hospital.

This study is limited to conducting a conditional survey of the General Hospital Minna, Niger State and make useful suggestions on improving the existing facilities in Public Health Facilities in Nigeria only.

1.6      RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research design involves the conducting of conditional health service facilities on General Hospital Minna, Niger State. The research involved two (2) stages of survey and the use of a designed questionnaire in relation to the objective assessment.

• Iinitial Inspection:

This involves the researcher interviewing the staff and patients about their views about the condition of the hospital building and its facilities.

During the initial inspection, the researcher took a detailed look at the whole building from a distance, inspecting the building, looking at the condition of adjoining buildings and other facilities.

• Facilities Survey

 The next stage is to undertake a present condition survey of the facilities. The facilities are measured. The characteristics of facilities are plotted onto a drawing or sketch of the building.

After which a questionnaire was introduced. The questionnaire is the main method used for data collection for this research and it was personally administered by the researcher. It consisted of simplified questions. Efforts were made to ensure that the target respondents were given the questionnaires to respond properly to the objective assessment needed for this research.

UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN COLLECTION MANAGEMENT IN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES IN NORTH CENTRAL ZONE, NIGERIA

UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN COLLECTION MANAGEMENT IN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES IN NORTH CENTRAL ZONE, NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

The study examines the utilization of information communication technologies in collection management in state university libraries in north central zone. The specifically seek to: Identify the Information Communication Technologies facilities that are available in state university libraries in North Central Zone, determine the perception of librarians on the benefits of utilizing Information Communication Technologies in collection management, determine the extent to which Information Communication Technologies are utilized in collection management and identify barriers to effective use of Information Communication Technologies in collection management in state universities libraries. The study will employ descriptive survey research design. Random sampling technique will be used in choosing the sample. The researcher adopted the use of questionnaire as the research instrument while the data obtained were analyzed using tables and descriptive statistics. The study revealed that lack of ICTs information management policies, poor funding in libraries, the lack of skilled human resources to install and manage computer networks which cause slow Internet connection, and shortage of technological literate manpower to manage the ICT facilities are among the numerous challenges limiting the effective use of ICT in library collection management. Finally the study recommended that the required information and communication technologies should be acquired and utilised and management of libraries must ensure that adequate training in the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) be given to academic librarians.

Key words: utilization, information communication technologies, collection management, libraries

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Recent advances in science and technology in general and developments in the field of information technology in particular have vastly influenced the concept of collection management in libraries and have brought in sweeping changes in information collection, storage and dissemination of information. Factors like information explosion, budgetary constraints, complex requirements of users, rising cost of publications and other related factors as well as development of digital libraries, internet, e-mail, CD-ROM, electronic publishing etc., have forced the libraries and librarians to change the style and approach of their functioning. Libraries have slowly started giving importance to “accessing the other library’s collection” rather than mere possessing almost all documents on a given subject i.e., shifting from “owning” to “access” and “sharing” (Oyewusi & Oyeboade, 2019).

Collection development in libraries is tilting towards electronic documents / information sources using network facilities. The trend of printed materials is decreasing and need for accessing electronic information resources is increasing slowly day by day and the concept of collection development which implies building, growing, dealing with selection and acquisition of library materials is changing towards collection management. Combination of both print and electronic information resources like CD-ROM, On-line, internet is the dilemma faced by the libraries and librarians in recent past (Oyewusi & Oyeboade, 2019).

The library acts as a medium of getting the latest scientific and technological information either in print or in electronic form, for accessibility and use of the library patrons, Library resources include not only traditional print-on-paper media like books, journals, newspapers, and maps, but also ‘audio-visual materials like cinematograph film records, audiocassettes, video cassettes, projectors, microfiches, Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM), computer software, online databases, electronic books and c-journals and other media via the Internet. Halsey (2006) added that libraries maintain collections that include not only printed materials but also art reproductions, maps, photographs, etc. In addition to maintaining collections within library buildings, libraries often offer telecommunications links that provide users with access to information at remote sites. University libraries are often considered the most important resource centres of an academic institution. Hence, they should be sufficient in quality, depth, diversity and current to support the institutions curriculum (Oyewusi & Oyeboade, 2019).

1.1       Background of the study

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has made a significant impact in every human endeavour. The impact has been rather prominent in areas of service activities such as banking, health, transportation, education and libraries. (Chauhan, 2014) posited that the benefits of the utilization of ICT in library services especially collection management can be broadly explained in terms of economy, ease, extension (or expansion) and efficiency. (Devchoudhary, 2017) also observed that ICT has influenced the traditional library services; bringing out fundamental changes in the process of acquiring, processing, storing, retrieving and information delivery.

The term, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as it relates to library and as noted by (deWatteville and Gilbert, 2011), is the acquisition, analysis, manipulation, storage and distribution of information; and the design and provision of equipment and software for these purposes. (Oketunji, 2016) defines ICT as computers and other technologies that are used in the acquisition, organisation, storage, retrieval and disseminating of information in libraries. (Mayer, 2006) added that ICT in libraries is a term that covers the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of information in textual, numerical, pictorial and audio-visual formats. He further stated that the term is restricted to systems dependent on microelectronics; that is the technology and techniques involved in the design, development and construction of extremely small electronic circuits such as computer on a single silicon chip.

Collection management is the aspect of the library and information work that is responsible for selecting and acquiring information resources that will enable library and information practitioners to perform their myriad functions to their users effectively (Aina, 2014). Collection management practices are the activities performed by librarians in libraries. These practices involve selection and acquisition of library materials required by the library (Adomi, 2018). ICT application in library operations requires continuing education and acquisition of new skills by the staff in the area of knowledge update. ICT is responsible for the changing roles of handling traditional operation in services in a digital format (Adeleke & Olorunsola, 2010).

Librarians now use ICTs anytime and anywhere for information searching and retrieval. It is becoming impossible to have access to information without the help of ICT, hence, cost implications of use of ICT for processing and resource sharing. For instance, the use of e-mail services like Google mail, yahoo mail, voice mail, and window live mail on collection management practices seems to have reduced the burden on selection practices in libraries. Materials are now being sourced online through sending of e-mails. Publishers and vendors now send e-mails on the available materials they have in stock to be accessed by the university librarians and/or acquisition librarians and approval is given as to the needs of the university before supplies are made. This has improved the relationship between the university libraries, publishers and vendors.

(Singh, 2004) observes that collection development and collection management have been used almost synonymously, although there are differences in meaning. Collection development is the selection and acquisition of library materials, considering users’ current needs and future requirements. Collection management is much more than collection building. It is managing the use, storage, and organization of the collection, and making it accessible to users. (Branin, 1994) notes that the paradigm of librarianship is clearly changing and the librarian’s role is diversifying. Librarians at present are more concerned with collection management than collection development. It is on this note that this study tends to examine the utilization of information and communication technologies in collection management in state university libraries in North Central Zone.

1.2       Statement of the study         

The role of the university library in any institution of higher learning in the area of acquisition, organization, dissemination, information storage, access and retrieval cannot be overemphasized. The present-day university library services are focusing more on deployment of ICT as a result of the changing pattern of information seeking behaviour of information users. Studies have shown that the university libraries in North Central Zone of Nigeria have been totally dependent on manual method of performing their routine functions with its attendant inadequacies such as low patronage of ICT services, lack of interest in utilizing ICT on collection management practices, shortage of skilled ICT manpower and good remunerations to retain the few skilled ones, capital investment on information and communication technology equipment, high cost of library software and database connectivity, maintenance and constant epileptic power supply amongst others. The Nigerian government has made tremendous efforts to ensure that ICTs are available and used in Nigerian universities. In spite of these developments, there appears to be problem of poor collection management practices among librarians in various institutions in North Central Zone. It would seem these lapses are likely to limit librarians in gaining access to and using information resources thereby limiting job effectiveness, efficiency and performance. Whether the utilization of ICT in library operations could remedy the manual system and bring about effectiveness, efficiency and performance in library operations is the concern for this study. The present study put in question is: what is the level of utilization of Information Communication Technology in collection management in state university libraries in North Central Zone, Nigeria?

1.3       Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the study is to examine the utilization of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in collection management in state university libraries in North Central Zone.

The specific objectives of this study are to:

1. Identify the Information Communication Technologies facilities that are available in state university libraries in North Central Zone
2. Determine the perception of librarians on the benefits of utilizing Information Communication Technologies in State university libraries
3. Determine the extent to which Information Communication Technologies are utilized in collection management in state universities libraries
4. Identify barriers to effective use of Information Communication Technologies in collection management in state universities libraries.

1.4       Research Questions

The following research questions guided the study:

1. What are the Information Communication Technologies facilities that are available in state university libraries in North Central Zone?
2. What are the perceptions of librarians on the benefits of utilizing Information Communication Technologies in State university libraries?
3. To what extent is Information Communication Technologies utilized in collection management in state universities libraries?
4. What are the barriers that hinder effective use of Information Communication Technologies in collection management in state universities libraries?

1.5       Significance of the Study

The findings of the study will be significant to the following: librarians in state universities libraries and other academic libraries, state governments, and researchers.

In specific terms the findings will be useful to librarians in state universities libraries in the sense that they can apply the recommendations in improving the collection management and services to library users. It will also enable them be up-to-date with current practices in academic librarianship, thus fully equipping them to render efficient services to library patrons.

The findings of this study will serve as a reference document or tool for the library managers in educating the state governments on the need to adequately fund state universities libraries in respect of providing Information Communication Technologies services and facilities to enhance collection management.

The findings of the study will be useful to researchers in the field of librarianship and information science by allowing them identify the gap (s) that need filling. It will also afford researchers the opportunity to see the link or relationship of this study with other studies that have been conducted in the area and enable them identify the areas that need further investigation.

1.6       Scope of the Study

The study covered the utilization of Information Communication Technologies in collection management in state university libraries in north central zone. The scope of the study is further limited to Nasarawa state University Library to enable the researcher have elaborate examination of the research topics as it will be impossible to cover all the state university in the North Central Zone of Nigeria.

1.7       Operational definition of the terms

1. Information: Information is a data that has been processed. It is also referred to data that have a particular meaning within a specific context, or data that have been processed in such a way to be useful to the recipients. (Ayatse, 2005).
2. Communication: This is the transfer of information from one point to another either electronically or non-electronically, with the information being understood by the receiver.

1. Technology: According to the oxford advanced learners dictionary (7th edition) “technology is a specific knowledge used in practical ways in industry”. For example, designing new machines which are made to meet up the demand of current and future situation/trend.
2. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT): Stands for “Information and Communication Technologies.” ICT refers to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications. … This includes the Internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums
3. Library: A library is a social institution charge with the responsibilities of selection, acquisition, organization, interpretation, conservation, retrieval and dissemination of information by trained or professional librarians and para-professionals.
4. Academic Library: Any library attached to a post-secondary or tertiary institution or libraries attached to universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of educations, colleges of agriculture etc.        
5. Collection Management: Collection management is the term most commonly used to describe the area of librarianship that deals with collections. Collectionmanagement incorporates the variety of functions involved in selecting, acquiring, storing and maintaining collections in a cost-effective manner.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF FACILITIES ON THE RENTAL VALUES OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES IN TAMMAH NASARAWA

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF FACILITIES ON THE RENTAL VALUES OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES IN TAMMAH NASARAWA

ABSTRACT

The study assessed the effects of facilities on the rental values of residential properties in Tammah  Nasarawa, the researcher seek to identify the various types of residential property, identify existing facilities, examine the conditions of these infrastructural facilities and to assess the effects of facilities on the rental values of residential properties in the study area. The study make use of the survey design which enable the researcher to take close study of the research population and obtain all the relevant information needed through the use of questionnaire, interview, and personal observation. A total of one hundred (100) copies of questionnaires were distributed while eighty (80) were retrieved. Table and simple percentage were used to analyzed the data. The findings of the study shows that the existing infrastructural facilities in the residential properties are electricity, access road, burglary proof, kitchen and toilets and are found in good conditions while majority are not functional or unavailable. Finally the study shows that infrastructural facilities have significant effects on rental value of residential properties in Tammah and that the residents are willing and ready to pay higher rent for properties with improved facilities. The study recommends that government should provide necessary public infrastructures such as stable power supply, good water etc as they impact significantly on property value.

Contents of the project

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background of the Study

The effective economic activity in either urban or rural environment is dependent on availability of sufficient facilities such as: good road network; portable water supply system; drainage system etc (Ihuah and Benebo, 2014). While the overall importance of the availability of these facilities cannot be over emphasized; their significance in enhancing real property values, as well as promote the social and economic life of the people in that built environment can not be underestimated.

It has been observed that real estate, particularly residential properties have continued to attract the investment interest of real estate developers the world over. This is because of the increasing demand for residential properties in the urban centres (Olujimi & Bello, 2009); and because of the upward only rent appreciation which characterized real estate investments (Oduwaye, 2007). Residential property is not just ordinary shelter but comprises the facilities and other aspects of the social environment, which links man with his remote and immediate neighborhood. The importance of infrastructural facilities in a property and indeed human life cannot be overemphasized. According to Babarinde (1998), the efficiency of any form of human activity system largely depends on the provision of adequate facilities.

Adequate infrastructure contributes to attainment of physical and moral health; stimulate social stability, work efficiency and the development of the individuals.  According to McNeil, “when infrastructure works, productivity and labor  increases; when  it does not work, economic  renewal can be postponed or even  halted”.  Studies  have  shown  that  the  level  of  availability  of  infrastructure  in  most  developing countries  is drastically  low. This assertion was further reinforced by  Iremiren  (2001) who  found  that  a significant proportion of up to 34% (in some Nigerian cities) of houses had no access to electricity, water, decent and safe waste disposal systems and are unconnected by motor able  roads. These grossly impact on the return capacity of such properties.

Availability of  facilities is often one of the factors affecting the demand and choice of residential property as man is a socio-economic being seeking to dwell in residential units that provides maximum supply of necessary facilities at affordable costs. Provision of facilities that would enhance the living condition of residents within a neighbourhood is therefore very essential. Rental values of properties also vary from place to place depending on various factors among which availability of facilities stand prominent. Most often, when factors affecting rental values of residential properties are considered, the most commonly discussed factors are location, quality of building, demand and supply rate among others are the most commonly mentioned with little or no regard for the availability of public facilities and infrastructures.

Urban infrastructure covers a wide spectrum of services and facilities, namely; electricity, water, roads, walkways, waste disposal systems, communication, primary health facilities and services, schools and housing. These are more often provided by the government. Where urban facilities are adequately provided and efficiently managed productive and profitable land uses are usually attracted towards the area.

However, the problems of adequacy in terms of number available and condition, functionality, location, distance to homes, maintenance and management problems are very rampant and vary from one location to another. The closer a residential area, for instance, is to new infrastructural projects, the higher the increase in its values (Udoka, 2013). In addition, infrastructural development is the engine that drives the economic and technological growth in all ramifications. The provision, operation, management and maintenance of infrastructure are always big employers of  labour. In the same vein, the majority of economic activities rely on them to thrive. It is against this background that the effect of facility on the rental value of residential property is being assessed with a view to determining the effects of facilities on rental values of residential properties in Tammah, Nasarawa.

1.2       Statement of the Problem

The increasing rate of variations on rental values of residential properties among varying residential neighborhoods in many towns and cities in Nigeria in recent time has continue to dominate discussions within the spheres of practicing estate surveyors and valuers, property; owners, investors, users, estate brokers, as well as policy makers on housing investment and management in Nigeria.  Although various studies on factors affecting rental value of residential property have been carried out globally, identified condition of dwelling characteristics, attributes of residential location and neighborhood attributes as the leading factors that causes variation in rental value (MacDonald & MacMillan, 2007; Kiel & Zabel, 2008; Anthony, 2012), however, most of these studies are foreign base with only a handful of them conducted in some part of Nigeria and did not specifically discussed the effect of facilities on rental value of residential properties . This implies that the effect of facilities on rental value of residential property in Tammah Nasarawa was not included and thus, account for the negligible attention being given to condition of residential dwellings and neighborhood attributes by homeowners, housing investors and the policy makers. It is therefore pertinent for the researcher to assess the effect of facilities on the rental value of residential property in Tammah.

1.3       Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of facilities on the rental value of residential property in Tammah, Nasarawa.

In order to achieve this aim, the following objectives are pursued:

1. To identify the various types of residential property in Tammah Nasarawa
2. To identify the existing facilities in the study area?
3. To examine the conditions of these infrastructural facilities
4. To assess the effects of facilities on the rental values of the residential properties

1.4       Research Questions

In  a  bid  to  find  relevant  answers  that  can  be  useful  in achieving the aim of this study, the authors sought answers  to  the following questions:

1.  What are the various types of residential property in Tammah Nasarawa?
2.  What are the existing facilities in the study area?
3.  What are the conditions of these infrastructural facilities?
4.  How has the available infrastructural facilities influenced the rental values of the residential properties?

1.5       Significance of the Study

The study of the assessment of the effect of facility on the rental value of residential property, became imperative as it will go a long way in addressing many un answered questions related to residential property prices, quality and investments. Establishing the relationship that exists between rental values of residential property and the various facilities is very crucial to Estate Surveyors and Valuers, Urban Planners and policy makers alike.

This study also became very necessary considering the fact that information in respect to the impact of various facility attributes on rental value of residential properties which is obviously lacking within the domains of estate surveyors and valuers in the study area shall be explore. This apparently may provide a useful and significant guide to practicing estate surveyors and valuers in ascribing and determining rental values of residential properties in the study area. Estate agents and brokers may also find the outcome of this study very useful as it will help them to aid their decision with respect to giving advice to their client on the choice of residential neighborhood to live.

The findings of this study may also assist in drawing the attention of the government and other relevant bodies concerned with housing and environmental health in realizing the need to enforce quality housing provision and infrastructural facilities. This study is therefore necessary to assist public authorities in putting more efforts in infrastructural investment and as well take full advantage of the income that can be generated from such investment.

1.6       Scope and Limitation of the Study

For the reason of interest and available resources at researcher’s disposal, the study focused only on the assessment of the effect of facility on the rental value of residential property in Tammah. The study also focused on residential properties only and specifically those in the category of self contain, tenement, 1, 2 and 3 bedroom apartments. Due to interest, available data and time constraint, other types of property such as commercial and industrial properties were not considered. Residential properties other than the category mentioned above were also isolated because of convenience and also for the fact that the demand for the categories of apartment selected, were more frequent and stable in the study area.

            Limitations

This research work has been limited due to the following reasons;

1. The time frame available for the research work restraint the effectiveness of the research.
2. Financial constraint: Insufficient finance to execute some research’s has actually limited this project work coupled with high cost of materials in the market has made me to resort to means that will reduce cost which has affected the quality of work.

1.7       Definition of Terms

Some of the key words used in this work and their meaning as contain and used in the research are:

Infrastructure: This is seen as a wide range of economic and social facilities crucial to creating an enabling environment for economic growth and enhances the quality of life, Nubi (2002).

Property: Fraister (1993), stated that property is the subject matter of ownership that anything which belongs to a person going to exclusive right to enjoy a thing. Example being land and building, real properties, denotes interest and right inherent in the owners of the physical real estate. This cluster of right which could be made the subject of a real activities “title” that signifies the lawful right of possession.

Value: Value is basically the worth of a thing which depend largely on the basis of assessment and unit of measurement.

Property Value: property value according too Millington (1981) is the money obtainable from a person willing and able to purchase property when it is offered for sale by a willing seller, allowing for reasonable time for negotiation and with the full knowledge of the nature and uses which  the property is capable of being put.

1.8       The Study Area

Tammah is a street in Nasarawa town serving as a host community to the Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa. Tammah houses majority of the students of the institution and serve as ancestral home for the Gbagyis in Nasarawa town. Over the years Tammah has witnessed increasing investment in property development in the area of residential and commercial properties in the form of shops and houses which provides accommodation for the teaming population of students and other residences in the area.

The performance of investment properties in Tammah is believed to have grown over the years as it is clearly seen in every nook and cranny of the areas where property owners and investors strive to develop residential property in different form and shapes such as single room, tenement buildings, self contain, 1 bedroom flat, 2 and 3 bedroom flat and the likes. These structures are developed major to generate incomes for the investors as they are rented out to students and other residence of the study area in return for annual or monthly rents.The values of these investment properties have appreciated over the years as there is a steady increase in rental values. For instance, single rooms that goes for Ten thousand (N10,000) naira in 2010 now goes for over fifteen to thirty thousand (N15000-N30000) naira in 2018 (Field Survey, 2018), while properties such as self-contains, 1 bedroom flat, 2 and 3 bedroom flat have seen such increase in rental values too. With the ever increase population of students and influx of people into Nasarawa in general it believed that investment properties in Tammah will continue to experiences a positive growth and have a great return on investment for the investors and property developers (Field Survey, 2019).

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Examination of Urban Infrastructural Facilities

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

One of the most remarkable improvements associated with the process of socio-economic changes in Nigeria during the last fifty years has been the clamor for the increase in the state of infrastructural facilities.

         

Infrastructural facilities embraces entirely any services in which the various levels of government in the country as well as various communities are collectively involved in its provision.

This also includes services provided by voluntary agencies and private individuals.

Infrastructure is an embracing concept for the wide range of services offered by the government of any country in order to facilitate health living aesthetic.   Infrastructural facilities include; water supply, electricity, transportation, drainage system, communication e.t.c.  Non existence of these infrastructural facilities in any residential property will affect the rental value of such property.

In the light of the harsh condition Nigeria has been going through recently, skyrocketing cost of building materials and construction, high cost of finance and unpredictable economic condition, there has been decrease in infrastructure and little or no maintenance of the existing stock.   Investment must be strategically positioned where it has access to basic infrastructure so as to keep the property in a state to command a constant flow of income or benefit and appreciate it capital value.

Considering the problem of increasing the cost of providing infrastructure, the dilapidated one are still in use, the federal government and it agencies left the petroleum trust fund [P.T.F] doing all they could to improve the present infrastructure facility stock.  But the fact remains that, the government does not have enough fund to improve on the entire stock.

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Real estate developers were constantly faced with the issue of making decisions on the type of property to invest their hard earned income or highly competitive, secured mortgage funds, which were attached with high lending rates. Property developers who want to invest in residential building development should endeavor to provide these two infrastructures amongst others with a view to earn attractive rental values on their residential property in Niger state in particular, towns and cities in developing countries. The study revealed that infrastructural facilities contribute 30.50% in the determination of rental values residential buildings in Niger state of which the provision of wall-fence round the building and installation of burglary proof in the entire window played the most important infrastructure. It is hoped that this will assist the local planning authorities to map out proposal/development in their different areas of jurisdiction in addition; it will render meaningful in the development of strategies for estate layout that will promote urban environmental quality thereby enhancing property values in the areas. The primary data collected were subjected to multiple regression analysis and the determination of the effect of the available infrastructure such as water, electricity, access road, kitchen, toilet, refuse disposal facility, wall-fence, installed burglary proof, drainage channel, day watch security and night watch security services. Government should continue to embark on comprehensive road rehabilitation by tarring all the roads in the areas of the city suffering from poor road network, poor electricity. It has now been realized that state government cannot provide all the necessary facilities, hence individuals and federal government should come to the aid of the state government for the provision of the essential infrastructure such as roads, water and electricity supply e.t.c.         

1.2   AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study is to examine the urban infrastructural facilities in Lavun local government Kutigi with a view of making useful recommendation for the improvement of infrastructural facilities in Kutigi.    

The special objectives for realizing this aim are;

a.   To study the concept of urban infrastructure in the society.

b.   To identify factors effecting the efficiency of infrastructural facilities.

c.   To identify the available infrastructural facilities in the study area.

                      

1.3    STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

The major problem identified in the course of the study is that the present infrastructural facilities are inadequate to meet the need of it users or occupier of the residential properties.             

This has posed a problem for the various levels of government of the day and parastatals on what to do to improve on the present situation considering the poor financing power of the government parastatals, high cost of construction and materials with the unpredictable socio-economic developments.  

It is therefore in light of these, that the study tends to identify these infrastructural facilities how far they have gone in meeting the demand and expectation of it users, and examining the adequacy of urban infrastructural facilities on residential housing development.

1.4   RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In the process of completing data and information, for writing this project and to entrust a good project, the following were taking into consideration namely; availability; reliance, timeless, consistency.          

          SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION

Under this data collection there were two sources consulted for collection of data.

A.  PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION                                                                                                  primary data collection method used by the researcher is entirely for this project at hand in this study.

The researcher used the following combination for primary data collection, these includes; colleagues in work and housing department in the local government and some developer, house owner.

B.   SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION

They include data from various text book on infrastructure and property development journalists in newspaper, pamphlets, article, symposium papers presented.

1.5     SCOPE OF STUDY

The study is expected to cover all areas in the Lavun local government, but as a result of local government factors, the population size has been reduced. In this regard, the study was centered only in Kutigi metropolis.      

1.6    SIGNIFICANCES OF THE STUDY

The importance of infrastructural facilities as a monument tool for residential property values is that the study will fund to serve as a guide to the government parastatals and private individuals in decision making especially in local government.

                                                                                                                                                                                

                                                  

CHAPTER TWO

2.0    LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     INFRASTRUCTURE

There are various definitions, meaning and concept ascribed to the word infrastructure, right from the evolution and creation of town and cities throughout the world.  Some of the definition of infrastructure is here by examined.  Webster [1978] states that infrastructure are works constructed for public use of enjoyment especially when financed and owned by the government.                                                                        

The English Collins dictionary defined infrastructure as includes building, structures and use of land are provided by developers or statutory authorities example are railway, road bridges, gas, electricity ,water, sewage/waste disposal, telephone installation e.t.c.  From the above definitions it is clear that different perspective exist as regards infrastructure.  However, all point to the fact that infrastructure is the basis of development of any nation and that its provision in most cases is by the government.

2.1.1    TYPES OF INFRASTRUCTURE

Infrastructure is an embracing concept for the wide range of direct services offered by the government of any country so as to facilitate healthy living aesthetic.

Emeluruike [1997] attempted a classification of infrastructure in an urban area, which includes;

a.     Communication infrastructure like airfields, roads, railways, telecommunication, water ways and port.

b.    Health infrastructure like hospitals, teaching specialist and general hospital clinics and training of health personnel.

c.      Social infrastructure like recreational facilities, play grounds, sport facilities, natural gardens, cinema and theatres.

d.    Educational infrastructure like education institution and facilities at all levels.  Printing presses and bookshops.

e.      Technological infrastructure like research institutes, design and fabrication, studies and workshop.

f.      Religions infrastructure like place of worship i.e. churches, mosques e.t.c.

g.     Housing infrastructure including the housing shell, roads, water, energy, recreational facilities e.t.c.

h.    Agricultural infrastructure like irrigation and storage facilities.

i.       Judicial infrastructure like court head office and libraries adequate system e.t.c.

j.       Power or energy infrastructure like facilities for generation and distribution of various types of power.

2.2    CONCEPT OF VALUE

Encyclopedia Americana volume 27 page 867 states that value in economics is the esteem in which a thing is held but also, under ordinary commercial condition, power in exchange, value depends on two things along desirability and scarcity.  Value means the worth of a thing and is animated if expressed in monetary terms.  Value in a broad sense means the capacity of a thing to satisfy wants.  Value is commutative and could mean many things to many people.

2.3     CONCEPT OF PROPERTY VALUES

D. Cadman and A. Crowe [1978;4] property development is an industry that produces building for occupation by bringing together various raw materials , public services, capital labour and  professional expertise of which land is one.  The complete building may be let or sold to an occupier.   If it is let, it can be held as an investment or sold to an investor.  It is a venture which to a greater or looser extent is beset by risk.       

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