ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF PLANNING CONTROL ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY VALUE IN NASARAWA STATE

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ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF PLANNING CONTROL ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY VALUE IN NASARAWA STATE

(A CASE STUDY OF NASARAWA TOWN)

ABSTRACT

This project analyze the impact of planning control on residential property value in Nasarawa state with the aim to identify possible problem and find possible solution. In the course of carrying this research the primary data was collected through questionnaire and oral interview with the Nasarawa State Urban Development Board and some real estate property developer in the Nasarawa town. 100 Questionnaire was administered which 80 was collected back upon which the data presentation and analysis depends on. The instrument used in analyzing the data was purposive and tabular form. The research shows that developer and the development control officials tend to accused each other of complicity in development of residential property process in Nasarawa. the researcher therefore recommend that there is urgent need for effective force and good communication skill and rapid awareness aiming at creating adequate effectiveness on physical environmental issues in Nasarawa town and Nasarawa State at large.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Planning control forms an integral part of the planning practice. It is the basic means by which the state intervenes to regulate the use and development of land in order to implement local and national planning policies. Most significantly it is the part of the planning process in which members of the public come into contact with local planning authorities (Ogunsesan, 2018).

Today, planning control comes under considerable criticism about the nature of decisions taken, and the ways in which they are taken. One hears complaints that sluggishness discourages development; that its complexity is excessively costly; And that its nature stifles initiative. (Okpala, 2018). Development control is not appreciated by the general public mainly because of the restrictions it imposes on the aims and aspiration of the developers.

Originally, the rationale for the introduction of state control on private development was to achieve objectives of safety and better health in order to create an improved environment for the benefit of the community. However, as the role of the state expanded and the extent of its intervention increased the definition of the ‘environment’ subject to planning control has changed. From being wholly concerned with the physical form and content of development it now embraces the social and economic consequences of development. As a result, development control has been used to implement planning strategies for different purposes; for example to minimize the negative effect of urban growth, to check the menace of market forces and ensure social equity, as well as to support economic growth (Uthman, 2019).

Therefore, planning control is a tool, sometimes used to achieve its original objectives of safety and better health; Sometimes to implement planning strategies; and in some cases to do both. Although it continues to regulate the use of land, while planning strategies have widened in scope, development control has proved incapable of meeting additional demands. Since development control is used to implement planning policies, which are normally reflected in planning legislation, physical development plans and other associated planning documents, the failure to achieve development planning objectives may be due to the pursuit of inappropriate policies, to the application of inflexible standards and regulations, or both, which is why Olayiwola  et al (2016), comment that development control practices are inappropriate, ineffective and inequitable in their operation in most Third World cities.They argue that developing countries stand to benefit little from the transplanting of regulations that have evolved in different social soils with differing political and economic climates. Another criticism is that planning agencies in developing countries lack the power and resources to perform efficient and effective development control (Ogundele, Ayo and Aigbe, 2021).

Planning control is seen as a mechanism to maintain standards. It is process laid down by legislation, which regulates the development of land and building. It is the professional activity carried out by town planners in order to ensure compliance with the approved master plan thereby ensuring orderliness(Ogundele, Ayo and Aigbe, 2021)..

In line with the above definition, planning control actually regulates any building or rebuilding operations in, on and under the land. It also ensures an orderly growth of settlements by stipulating adequate standards for all aspects of land-use through the provision of adequate lighting, ventilation, open spaces and other socio-cultural facilities that make life worth living. The power to grant or refuse as well as attach conditions to permissions for development to take place gives the public agencies the big teeth.

Ogunsesan (2004) opined that planning control is the “front line‟ of planning and the part, which affects the general public most. There is a direction in the exercise of development control on developers. The direction according to Ogunsesan (2004) is the objectives of development control, which include: the protection and enhancement of the built environment; the coordination of both public and private investments in land and property to ensure that land is efficiently used; and the control of pollution.  In development control process, time is a very important factor. There are two types of time factors in the development control process as pointed out by Faludi (2019): “internal and external time lag”. The internal time lag as he explained is the time it takes to act upon information received, while the external time lag, he explains as the time it takes for the action to be effected.

Planning control is carried out by planning authorities that have legal powers conferred on them to ensure that development is secured. The authorities according to Faludi (2019) are empowered to: plan, promote and secure the physical development and environmental improvement by economic; as financial developers they can initiate planning schemes and develop the area wholly or partly‟. Fagbohun(2017) is of the view that „though the planning authorities are empowered legally to carry out their duties, it may still be restricted. Its effectiveness reduced by lack of political backing and support from the top echelon of government functionaries‟.

Furthermore, planning control is seen as a powerful implementation weapon in the planning armory. Positive encouragement is given to developers to compel them to willingly develop their land with due respect to the requirement of the planning authorities. Public enlightenment is usually embarked upon which tend to encourage the public to want some sort of control over physical development.  Communication is a vital tool necessary for development control to succeed. An effective and efficient communication ensures control development with people and not for people‟; for if people are carried along in development control process, the authority will be able to guide development with ease and achieve their set objectives of a well-planned built-up area with good road network, building set-backs, ventilation, lighting and pollution free environment. On the other hand, if the members of the public are not informed, they may not accept the idea of control, with feelings that since they owned the land, they can as well carry out development the way they want and at their own time without due consideration.

1.2       Statement of Research Problem 

Rural- urban migration has caused congestion in the urban areas and left the towns and cities sprawling endlessly into the countryside with dire consequences for the provision of essential urban infrastructure. That is, the rate of expansion of each of old and  newly emerging town led to the emergence of uncoordinated land-uses, winding road network, traffic congestion, uncoordinated provision and distribution of socio-physical infrastructure, uncollected waste and the like, amongst others with great impact on the socio-economic well being of the inhabitants (Aluko, 2020). All these are resultant effects of uncontrolled development in both rural and urban settlements in Nigeria.

The rapid growth of our settlements, particularly urban areas need to be controlled to prevent chaotic and haphazard physical growth and development, which certainly takes place in the absence of any development control measure. However, some of the rationales for effective development control are the achievement of balanced, coordinated and good development of the environment; it ensures structural soundness and the adequate provision of necessary utilities, services and facilities for the proposed buildings; protection and the development of the environment so that the activities of men do not have adverse effects on it. This uncontrolled development has led to the environmental situation as presently witnessed in some squatter settlements of Nasarawa and other big town and cities in Nigeria. It is against this background that this study seek to analyze the impact of planning control on residential property value in Nasarawa state with particular reference to Nasarawa town.

1.3       Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this project is to analyze the impact of planning control on residential property value in Nasarawa State

To achieve the aim above the following objectives were pursued

1. To examine the effectiveness of planning control in Nasarawa town
2. To identify the functions of planning control
3. To evaluate the impact of the planning control on residential property value in Nasarawa
4. To identify the possible problems militating the effective and efficient planning control in the study area.

1.4       Research Questions

1. How effective is planning control in Nasarawa town?
2. What are the functions of planning control?
3. What impact has planning control made to residential property value in Nasarawa?
4. What are the possible problems militating the effective and efficient planning control in the study area?

1.5       Significance of the Study

This project will help to overcome the challenges that are currently facing in planning and development authority in Nasarawa state by the time this project is completed as it will serve as an eye opener on relevance of planning control towards effective and efficient development of urban and rural areas in Nigeria.

The result of this study will enlighten property developers and investors on the need to comply with development control authority as development control generally impact positively on residential property value.

Students and other researchers will find this research useful as it will serve as reference to the department of estate management and valuation.

1.6       Scope and Limitations of the Study

There are different types of property development, this project mainly concern on the impact of development control on residential property development in Abuja.

The following are the limitations of the study

• Lack of proper response from the developer’s point of view.
• The financial aspect was a bit difficult.
• There was no previous work available to reference with.
• And the absence of the group leader makes the data analysis slow.

1.8     DEFINITION & OPERATIONAL OF TERMS

• Development:  used here means an event constituting a new stage in a changing situation i.e. process development or being developed.
  • Control:  implies the power to influence or checking direct result of a survey or experiment of an intelligence of organization.
  • Impact: these means to have a strong effect on something either positive or negative.
  • Residential: means involving living at the place where you are working, studying or being looked after.
  • Property: a thing or things belonging to someone or possessions collectively i.e. an attribute, quality or characteristics of something.

1.9       HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Nasarawa state was created 1^st October 1996 by the general Abacha government regime, it is a state in north central Nigeria, Lafia is the state capital, the was created out of the following neighboring state of plateau, located in north-central region of Nigeria, it is bordered on the west by the federal capital territory, then north by Kaduna, then south by Benue and Kogi and also the east Plateau and Taraba states.

Nasarawa state has diverse range of ethnic group indigenous to the state.

According to 2006 census a little less than 2million populated people reside in the state.

The state has 13 local governments namely:

1. Toto,
2. Obi,
3. NasarawaEggon
4. Nasarawa,
5. Lafia,
6. Kokona,
7. Keffi,
8. Doma,
9. Keana,
10. Karu,
11.  Awe
12. Akwanga
13. Wamba.

And 29 languages spoken, Nasarawa is home to many tertiary institutions namely:

Federal University Lafia

 Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa

Nasarawa State University Keffi

State federal college of education.

Nasarawa state polytechnic etc

Economic activities: of the state are mainly Agriculture, cash crops such as yam, cassava, Andegusi(melon). Production of mineral such as salt is also another major economic activity in the state; Nasarawa produces a large proportion of the salt and bauxite consumed in the country.

Geography issue:  Nasarawa state is bounded in the north Kaduna state, in the west by the proximity Abuja Federal Capital Territory in the south by Kogi and Benue states and in the east by Taraba and Plateau states. A network of roads exist within the state linking all the rural areas and major town the Nigeria Rail ways Corporation (NRC) operate train service from kuru, Gombe, and Maiduguri.

SOLD BY: Enems Project| ATTRIBUTES: Title, Abstract, Chapter 1-5 and Appendices|FORMAT: Microsoft Word| PRICE: N3000| BUY NOW |DELIVERY TIME: Within 24hrs

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF PLANNING CONTROL ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY VALUE IN NASARAWA STATE

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF PLANNING CONTROL ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY VALUE IN NASARAWA STATE

(A CASE STUDY OF NASARAWA TOWN)

ABSTRACT

This project analyze the impact of planning control on residential property value in Nasarawa state with the aim to identify possible problem and find possible solution. In the course of carrying this research the primary data was collected through questionnaire and oral interview with the Nasarawa State Urban Development Board and some real estate property developer in the Nasarawa town. 100 Questionnaire was administered which 80 was collected back upon which the data presentation and analysis depends on. The instrument used in analyzing the data was purposive and tabular form. The research shows that developer and the development control officials tend to accused each other of complicity in development of residential property process in Nasarawa. the researcher therefore recommend that there is urgent need for effective force and good communication skill and rapid awareness aiming at creating adequate effectiveness on physical environmental issues in Nasarawa town and Nasarawa State at large.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Planning control forms an integral part of the planning practice. It is the basic means by which the state intervenes to regulate the use and development of land in order to implement local and national planning policies. Most significantly it is the part of the planning process in which members of the public come into contact with local planning authorities (Ogunsesan, 2018).

Today, planning control comes under considerable criticism about the nature of decisions taken, and the ways in which they are taken. One hears complaints that sluggishness discourages development; that its complexity is excessively costly; And that its nature stifles initiative. (Okpala, 2018). Development control is not appreciated by the general public mainly because of the restrictions it imposes on the aims and aspiration of the developers.

Originally, the rationale for the introduction of state control on private development was to achieve objectives of safety and better health in order to create an improved environment for the benefit of the community. However, as the role of the state expanded and the extent of its intervention increased the definition of the ‘environment’ subject to planning control has changed. From being wholly concerned with the physical form and content of development it now embraces the social and economic consequences of development. As a result, development control has been used to implement planning strategies for different purposes; for example to minimize the negative effect of urban growth, to check the menace of market forces and ensure social equity, as well as to support economic growth (Uthman, 2019).

Therefore, planning control is a tool, sometimes used to achieve its original objectives of safety and better health; Sometimes to implement planning strategies; and in some cases to do both. Although it continues to regulate the use of land, while planning strategies have widened in scope, development control has proved incapable of meeting additional demands. Since development control is used to implement planning policies, which are normally reflected in planning legislation, physical development plans and other associated planning documents, the failure to achieve development planning objectives may be due to the pursuit of inappropriate policies, to the application of inflexible standards and regulations, or both, which is why Olayiwola  et al (2016), comment that development control practices are inappropriate, ineffective and inequitable in their operation in most Third World cities.They argue that developing countries stand to benefit little from the transplanting of regulations that have evolved in different social soils with differing political and economic climates. Another criticism is that planning agencies in developing countries lack the power and resources to perform efficient and effective development control (Ogundele, Ayo and Aigbe, 2021).

Planning control is seen as a mechanism to maintain standards. It is process laid down by legislation, which regulates the development of land and building. It is the professional activity carried out by town planners in order to ensure compliance with the approved master plan thereby ensuring orderliness(Ogundele, Ayo and Aigbe, 2021)..

In line with the above definition, planning control actually regulates any building or rebuilding operations in, on and under the land. It also ensures an orderly growth of settlements by stipulating adequate standards for all aspects of land-use through the provision of adequate lighting, ventilation, open spaces and other socio-cultural facilities that make life worth living. The power to grant or refuse as well as attach conditions to permissions for development to take place gives the public agencies the big teeth.

Ogunsesan (2004) opined that planning control is the “front line‟ of planning and the part, which affects the general public most. There is a direction in the exercise of development control on developers. The direction according to Ogunsesan (2004) is the objectives of development control, which include: the protection and enhancement of the built environment; the coordination of both public and private investments in land and property to ensure that land is efficiently used; and the control of pollution.  In development control process, time is a very important factor. There are two types of time factors in the development control process as pointed out by Faludi (2019): “internal and external time lag”. The internal time lag as he explained is the time it takes to act upon information received, while the external time lag, he explains as the time it takes for the action to be effected.

Planning control is carried out by planning authorities that have legal powers conferred on them to ensure that development is secured. The authorities according to Faludi (2019) are empowered to: plan, promote and secure the physical development and environmental improvement by economic; as financial developers they can initiate planning schemes and develop the area wholly or partly‟. Fagbohun(2017) is of the view that „though the planning authorities are empowered legally to carry out their duties, it may still be restricted. Its effectiveness reduced by lack of political backing and support from the top echelon of government functionaries‟.

Furthermore, planning control is seen as a powerful implementation weapon in the planning armory. Positive encouragement is given to developers to compel them to willingly develop their land with due respect to the requirement of the planning authorities. Public enlightenment is usually embarked upon which tend to encourage the public to want some sort of control over physical development.  Communication is a vital tool necessary for development control to succeed. An effective and efficient communication ensures control development with people and not for people‟; for if people are carried along in development control process, the authority will be able to guide development with ease and achieve their set objectives of a well-planned built-up area with good road network, building set-backs, ventilation, lighting and pollution free environment. On the other hand, if the members of the public are not informed, they may not accept the idea of control, with feelings that since they owned the land, they can as well carry out development the way they want and at their own time without due consideration.

1.2       Statement of Research Problem 

Rural- urban migration has caused congestion in the urban areas and left the towns and cities sprawling endlessly into the countryside with dire consequences for the provision of essential urban infrastructure. That is, the rate of expansion of each of old and  newly emerging town led to the emergence of uncoordinated land-uses, winding road network, traffic congestion, uncoordinated provision and distribution of socio-physical infrastructure, uncollected waste and the like, amongst others with great impact on the socio-economic well being of the inhabitants (Aluko, 2020). All these are resultant effects of uncontrolled development in both rural and urban settlements in Nigeria.

The rapid growth of our settlements, particularly urban areas need to be controlled to prevent chaotic and haphazard physical growth and development, which certainly takes place in the absence of any development control measure. However, some of the rationales for effective development control are the achievement of balanced, coordinated and good development of the environment; it ensures structural soundness and the adequate provision of necessary utilities, services and facilities for the proposed buildings; protection and the development of the environment so that the activities of men do not have adverse effects on it. This uncontrolled development has led to the environmental situation as presently witnessed in some squatter settlements of Nasarawa and other big town and cities in Nigeria. It is against this background that this study seek to analyze the impact of planning control on residential property value in Nasarawa state with particular reference to Nasarawa town.

1.3       Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this project is to analyze the impact of planning control on residential property value in Nasarawa State

To achieve the aim above the following objectives were pursued

1. To examine the effectiveness of planning control in Nasarawa town
2. To identify the functions of planning control
3. To evaluate the impact of the planning control on residential property value in Nasarawa
4. To identify the possible problems militating the effective and efficient planning control in the study area.

1.4       Research Questions

1. How effective is planning control in Nasarawa town?
2. What are the functions of planning control?
3. What impact has planning control made to residential property value in Nasarawa?
4. What are the possible problems militating the effective and efficient planning control in the study area?

1.5       Significance of the Study

This project will help to overcome the challenges that are currently facing in planning and development authority in Nasarawa state by the time this project is completed as it will serve as an eye opener on relevance of planning control towards effective and efficient development of urban and rural areas in Nigeria.

The result of this study will enlighten property developers and investors on the need to comply with development control authority as development control generally impact positively on residential property value.

Students and other researchers will find this research useful as it will serve as reference to the department of estate management and valuation.

1.6       Scope and Limitations of the Study

There are different types of property development, this project mainly concern on the impact of development control on residential property development in Abuja.

The following are the limitations of the study

• Lack of proper response from the developer’s point of view.
• The financial aspect was a bit difficult.
• There was no previous work available to reference with.
• And the absence of the group leader makes the data analysis slow.

1.8     DEFINITION & OPERATIONAL OF TERMS

• Development:  used here means an event constituting a new stage in a changing situation i.e. process development or being developed.
  • Control:  implies the power to influence or checking direct result of a survey or experiment of an intelligence of organization.
  • Impact: these means to have a strong effect on something either positive or negative.
  • Residential: means involving living at the place where you are working, studying or being looked after.
  • Property: a thing or things belonging to someone or possessions collectively i.e. an attribute, quality or characteristics of something.

1.9       HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Nasarawa state was created 1^st October 1996 by the general Abacha government regime, it is a state in north central Nigeria, Lafia is the state capital, the was created out of the following neighboring state of plateau, located in north-central region of Nigeria, it is bordered on the west by the federal capital territory, then north by Kaduna, then south by Benue and Kogi and also the east Plateau and Taraba states.

Nasarawa state has diverse range of ethnic group indigenous to the state.

According to 2006 census a little less than 2million populated people reside in the state.

The state has 13 local governments namely:

1. Toto,
2. Obi,
3. NasarawaEggon
4. Nasarawa,
5. Lafia,
6. Kokona,
7. Keffi,
8. Doma,
9. Keana,
10. Karu,
11.  Awe
12. Akwanga
13. Wamba.

And 29 languages spoken, Nasarawa is home to many tertiary institutions namely:

Federal University Lafia

 Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa

Nasarawa State University Keffi

State federal college of education.

Nasarawa state polytechnic etc

Economic activities: of the state are mainly Agriculture, cash crops such as yam, cassava, Andegusi(melon). Production of mineral such as salt is also another major economic activity in the state; Nasarawa produces a large proportion of the salt and bauxite consumed in the country.

Geography issue:  Nasarawa state is bounded in the north Kaduna state, in the west by the proximity Abuja Federal Capital Territory in the south by Kogi and Benue states and in the east by Taraba and Plateau states. A network of roads exist within the state linking all the rural areas and major town the Nigeria Rail ways Corporation (NRC) operate train service from kuru, Gombe, and Maiduguri.