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PRODUCTION OF A PHENOLIC GERMICIDE IZAL AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
ABSTRACT
Phelonic germicide (IZAL) is a trade mark of a disinfectant used in homes and public building for cleaning and washing. IZAL is used as a disinfectant both in the homes and hospitals. It is splashed on concrete walls and floors of which the homes and hospital are made. This project was undertaken to produce phenolic germicide (IZAL) and to determined its economic importance. Ten procedures were followed or carried which starts from mixing of the ingredients to packaging. Necessary precautions where followed to ensure a safe production which includes use protective wears as the chemicals for making Izal are harmful to humans and spillage into the eyes or inhalation into the lungs can cause severe damage. Therefore, there is a need for eye goggles and nose masks as well as the use of plastic hand gloves to protect the hands against corrosion or irritation.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- Background of the Study
Every year globally billion of dollars are spent on disinfectant bleaches alone and much more on other kinds of disinfectants. In general, these products have been thoroughly tested and their activity demonstrated by standard laboratory tests and in many cases by simulated ‘in use’ tests. In addition there are reports indicating correlation between disinfectant usage and the reduction of environmental contamination, and between disinfectant use and control of infection, although the majority of these are concerned with hospitals.
Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living object to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects. Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacteria spores; it is less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical and or chemical process that kills all types of life. Disinfectants are different from other antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics which destroy microorganisms within the body and antiseptics, which destroy microorganisms on living tissue. Disinfectants are also different from biocides-the latter are intended to destroy all forms of life, not just microorganisms. Disinfectants work by destroying the cell wall of microbes or interfering with the metabolism. Sanitizers are substances that simultaneously clean and disinfect (Cleaning and disinfecting, 2009).
Disinfectants, which are chemicals used as germicides are targeted at preventing pathogenic microorganisms from contaminating livestock and their products. Regrettably, the application of these disinfectants sometimes does not seem to achieve the purpose for which they are used (Onah, 2004). However, according to Block (2001) and Chima et al. (2011) proper disinfectantion practice targets the reduction of the number of pathogens in the farming environment thereby reducing the frequency and intensity of disease occurrence in poultry. The mode of action of the disinfectant chemicals is usually to disrupt significant cellular structures or processes in order to destroy and eliminate the micro organisms (Allen et al., 2006).
Commercially available disinfectants that usually exhibit excellent results against microbes during standard laboratory tests may not show the expected efficacy against disease causing pathogens, especially under tropical small scale farming conditions (Corlett, 1998). There are many reasons for this which may include the fact that the carefully controlled conditions of the standard test methods are not usually the same in the farm environment and also the variations in the disinfection practices at different the poultry farms, especially at the small scale level in many developing countries.
Disinfectants are frequently used in hospitals, dental surgeries, kitchen and bathrooms to kill infectious organisms; among such disinfectants is izal. Izal is a germicidal disinfectant made from oil that was patented in 1893. This product can be available in liquid form, powdery form and as soap, cream, or oil. Izal contain about 0.2% of phenol and 0.7% of phynyl-phenol. Phenol has an aromatic ring with an OH group. Phenol is a caustic poisonous crystalline acidic compound C6H5OH present in coal tar and wood tar that in dilute solution is used as disinfectant (Thompson, 2002).
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
The current increase in the prevalence of infections within the hospital environment and homes despite adequate cleaning and disinfection is due to ineffectiveness of the various disinfectant formulations used in infection control and development of resistance to the various chemical disinfectant formulations being used. Disinfectants which are ideal for the killing of this microorganism at homes, hospitals and other public places in recent times have become too expensive and out of the reach of common man. It is therefore very important for every house hold or individuals to learn how produce or disinfectant such as phenolic germicide (izal) which are cheaper and very effective.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The general objective of this study include
- To produce a phenolic germicide (Izals)
- To test the Physical characteristics of the product
- And determine the economic importance of Izal
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Due to financial constraints and time, this research work is limited to the production of Phenolic germicide (Izal) among other disinfectant.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will contribute to healthy living by giving orientation to students studying in the higher institutions or skill acquisition centres, and enlighten the general public on the effectiveness, areas of application and the advantage of disinfectants such as Izal among others.
It will help to proffer solutions to the problems associated with contamination, transmission, prevention and control of some deadly diseases and infections.
The result of this research work would be useful in the production of cheap and effective disinfectant. Finally it will serve as a reference material for subsequent researches; the finding and recommendation will be a source of useful information to other researchers.
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